Table 1. Grip strength measurements by sex in very old adults across four waves.

Wave	All	Men	Women	p*
Baseline, n	813	313	500
M (SD), kg	17.54 (7.70)	24.42 (6.77)	13.23 (4.42)	<0.001
Wave 2 (1.5-year follow-up), n	605	229	376
M (SD), kg	16.94 (7.81)	23.77 (7.21)	12.78 (4.54)
Wave 3 (3-year follow-up), n	452	167	285
M (SD), kg	16.39 (7.28)	22.68 (7.01)	12.71 (4.30)	<0.001
Wave 4 (5-year follow-up), n	294	106	188
M (SD), kg	14.94 (7.00)	21.05 (6.92)	11.50 (4.10)	<0.001
p†	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
5-year mean absolute change‡, n	291	106	185
M (SD), kg	-3.92 (4.14)	-5.27 (4.90)	-3.14 (3.41)	<0.001
5-year mean relative change¶, n	291	106	185
M (SD), %	-20.1 (23.7)	-20.0 (20.0)	-20.2 (25.6)	0.95

GS, grip strength; M, mean; SD, standard deviation.

*Student t-test.

^†Repeated-measures ANOVA with Huynh-Feldt correction.

^‡Calculated as: GS_wave4 –GS_baseline.

^¶Calculated as: (GS_wave4 –GS_baseline) / GS_baseline * 100%.