Table 2. Grip strength trajectory estimates† in the entire cohort, men and women over 5 years.
| Fixed effects‡ | Entire cohort | Men | Women | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 813 | n = 313 | n = 500 | ||||||||||
| Model 1¶ | Model 2# | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||||
| β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | β (SE) | p | |
| GS intercept | 17.44 (0.27) | <0.001 | 7.13 (0.97) | <0.001 | 24.47 (0.39) | <0.001 | 14.54 (2.05) | <0.001 | 13.14 (0.20) | <0.001 | 13.78 (2.47) | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| men | 10.81 (0.37) | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| women (ref) | 0 | |||||||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||||||
| high | 4.06 (0.53) | <0.001 | 5.00 (1.02) | <0.001 | 2.74 (0.54) | <0.001 | ||||||
| medium | 2.69 (0.49) | <0.001 | 3.57 (1.02) | 0.001 | 1.58 (0.48) | 0.001 | ||||||
| low (ref) | 0 | |||||||||||
| Height | 0.23 (0.04) | <0.001 | 0.23 (0.08) | 0.004 | 0.16 (0.04) | <0.001 | ||||||
| FFM | 0.11 (0.03) | <0.001 | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.008 | 0.08 (0.03) | 0.004 | ||||||
| Waist-hip ratio | -5.77 (2.66) | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| Self-rated health | ||||||||||||
| excellent/ very good | 1.49 (0.48) | 0.002 | 2.15 (1.01) | 0.04 | 1.02 (0.46) | 0.003 | ||||||
| good | 0.95 (0.47) | 0.05 | 1.08 (1.0) | 0.28 | 0.90 (0.46) | 0.05 | ||||||
| fair/ | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| poor (ref) | ||||||||||||
| Disease count | -0.24 (0.14) | 0.09 | -0.34 (0.14) | 0.02 | ||||||||
| Arthritis in hand(s) | ||||||||||||
| no | 3.58 (0.69) | <0.001 | 6.18 (1.90) | 0.001 | 2.93 (0.63) | <0.001 | ||||||
| yes (ref) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||
| Retention | ||||||||||||
| completed the study | 0.91 (0.36) | 0.01 | 0.83 (0.35) | 0.02 | ||||||||
| dropped out (ref) | 0 | |||||||||||
| GS decline | ||||||||||||
| Time | -0.56 (0.1) | <0.001 | -0.45 (0.11) | <0.001 | -1.13 (0.8) | <0.001 | -2.00 (0.27) | <0.001 | -0.31 (0.11) | 0.006 | -0.43 (0.12) | <0.001 |
| Time*Time | -0.05 (0.02) | <0.001 | -0.04 (0.02) | 0.04 | -0.06 (0.02) | 0.01 | -0.05 (0.02) | 0.05 | ||||
| GS rate of decline (slope) | ||||||||||||
| Time*sex | ||||||||||||
| Time*men | -0.52 (0.09) | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Time*women (ref) | 0 | |||||||||||
| Time*physical activity | ||||||||||||
| Time*high | 0.95 (0.29) | 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Time*medium | 0.82 (0.31) | 0.009 | ||||||||||
| Time*low (ref) | 0 | |||||||||||
FFM, fat-free mass; GS, grip strength; ref, reference; SE, standard error.
†Estimated β coefficients (SE) using GS longitudinal data.
‡Fixed effects assed population average change in GS. Fixed effect covariates estimated initial level and trajectory differences in GS as a function of included covariate. Random effects included both intercepts and slopes (linear change). Time in years (continuous) since the baseline interview tested linear change. Time*Time (continuous) represented curvilinear change.
¶Model 1 includes a linear and quadratic trend of time (except in men).
#Model 2 is adjusted for sociodemographic, lifestyle, anthropometry, health-related factors, retention variable, and time interaction terms. Only significant predictors and interactions at first entry were retained in the model.