Fig. 2. Reaction kinetics of MF acylation with acetic acid over HZSM-5.

(A to C) Natural logarithm of acylation reaction rate versus concentration of acetic acid (A), concentration of 2-MF (B), and concentration of water (C) over CBV8014 with 0.0198 mmol of catalyst at a reaction temperature of 250°C and 30-min time on stream. The included table (D) shows conversion, product yields, and product selectivities observed upon passing 2-MF and acetic acid over HZSM-5 after 30-min time on stream with a constant 0.0198 mmol of Brønsted site catalysts. An acetic acid–to–2-MF mole ratio of 1:0.258 was used in this study, with a catalyst mass of 0.05 mg. *$\text{Selectivity}(\%)=\frac{\text{moles of the product produced}}{\text{moles of 2-MF consumed}}\times 100$; †$\text{Yield}(\%)=\frac{\text{moles of product produced}}{\text{moles of 2-MF fed}}\times 100$. (E) TOF of 2-MF acylation with acetic acid over HZSM-5 and Hβ as a function of time at 250°C and 0.05 mg of catalyst. (F) Apparent activation energy of acetic acid acylation over HZSM-5 estimated for a temperature range of 220° to 250°C. The molar feed rate of acetic acid (0.00437 mol/hour) and 2-MF (0.00113 mol/hour) with 0.0198 mmol of catalyst was used to obtain apparent activation energies.