Table 2. Indicators used to evaluate SDG strategies.

Each SDG strategy is scored according to its effect on five environmental indicators of planetary boundaries—LULUCF carbon emissions, agricultural water use, deforestation, biodiversity loss, and fertilizer use—and on global food prices in years 2030 and 2050 of the simulation. The SDGs relevant to each of the planetary boundaries are indicated, thus closing the policy process and pressure-state-response (PSR) loops. All metrics refer to globally aggregated results from the GLOBIOM model.

Pressure indicator	SDG targets	Units
Food price index	2	—
LULUCF emissions	13	$\frac{{\mathrm{MtCO}}_2\mathrm{eq}}{\mathrm{year}}$
Agricultural water use	6	km3
Deforestation	6, 13, and 15	103 ha
Biodiversity loss	15	103 ha
Fertilizer use	2 and 13	103 ton