Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Author, year | Study design | Country | Setting | Intervention | Target population | Outcome assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Micronutrient supplementation | ||||||
| Agarwal et al., 2003 [30] | Quasi | India | Government school | Iron and folic acid | 11- to 18-year-old girls | Hemoglobin |
| Ahmed et al., 2005 [31] | Before–after | Bangladesh | School | Twice weekly IFA or MMN + IFA | 14- to 18-year-old anemic girls | Anemia |
| Ahmed et al., 2010 [32] | RCT | Bangladesh | School | IFA, MMN | 11- to 17-year-old anemic girls | Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum vitamin A |
| Angeles-Agdeppa et al., 1997 [33] | RCT | Indonesia | Senior government school | IFA, vitamin C, retinol | 14- to 18-year-old adolescents | Anemia, low ferritin, low retinol |
| Bruner et al., 1996 [34] | RCT | U.S.A. | Catholic schools | Iron | 13- to 18-year-old girls | Hemoglobin, serum ferritin |
| Chiplonkar and Kawade, 2012 [35] | Quasi | India | School | Zn supplement, diet supplement with Zn and MMN | 10- to 16-year-old girls | Hemoglobin |
| Clark et al., 1999 [36] | RCT | U.K. | School | Zinc supplements | 11- to 14-year-old girls | Serum zinc |
| Deshmukh et al., 2008 [37] | Before–after | India | Community based | IFA | 14- to 18-year-old girls | Anemia, hemoglobin levels |
| Dongre et al., 2011 [38] | Before–after | India | Community based | IFA | 12- to 19-year-old girls | Anemia |
| Eftekhari et al., 2006 [39] | RCT | Iran | School based | Iron and iodine | High-school girls | Hemoglobin, serum ferritin |
| Februhartanty et al., 2002 [40] | Quasi | Indonesia | Community based | IFA | 11- to 15-year-old girls | Hemoglobin, serum ferritin |
| Friis et al., 2003 [41] | RCT | Kenya | School | MMN | 9- to 18-year-old children | Hemoglobin |
| Goyle and Prakash, 2011 [42] | Before–after | India | School | IFA, vitamin A, vitamin C, iodine | 11- to 16-year-old girls | Hemoglobin, serum iron |
| Guillemant et al., 2011 [43] | Quasi | France | Jockey training school | Vitamin D | 16- to 18-year-old males | Serum vitamin D, serum PTH |
| Hettiarachchi et al., 2008 [44] | RCT | Sri Lanka | School | Iron, zinc | 12- to 15-year-old children | Hemoglobin, serum ferritin, serum zinc |
| Horjus, 2005 [76] | Before–after | Mozambique | School | IFA | 11- to 18-year-old girls | Hemoglobin, anemia |
| Ilich-Ernst et al., 1998 [45] | RCT | U.S.A. | Community based | Calcium supplements | 8- to 14-year-old girls | Hemoglobin |
| Kanani and Poojara, 2000 [46] | Quasi | India | Community based | IFA | 10- to 18-year-old girls | Hemoglobin |
| Khadilkar et al., 2010 [47] | RCT | India | School | Vitamin D and calcium | 14- to 15-year-old girls | Serum vitamin D, serum PTH |
| Kianfar et al., 2000 [48] | RCT | Iran | School | Iron | High-school girls | Anemia |
| Kotecha et al., 2009 [49] | Before–after | India | School | IFA | 14- to 17-year-old girls | Anemia, low serum |
| Lehtonen-Veromaa et al., 2002 [50] | Quasi | Finland | Local club and school based | Vitamin D | 9- to 15-year-old girls | Serum vitamin D |
| Mann et al., 2002 [51] | Before–after | India | University | Iron and energy supplements | 16- to 20-year-olds | Hemoglobin, serum iron |
| Mwaniki et al., 2002 [52] | RCT | Kenya | School | MMN, antihelminthics | 9- to 18-year-olds | Serum retinol |
| Rousham et al., 2013 [53] | RCT | Pakistan | School | Iron | 5- to 17-year-olds | Anemia |
| Sen and Kanani, 2009 [54] | Quasi | India | School | IFA | 9- to 13-year-old girls | Hemoglobin |
| Shah and Gupta, 2002 [55] | RCT | Nepal | School | IFA | 11- to 18-year-old girls | Anemia |
| Soekarjo et al., 2004 [56] | Before–after | Indonesia | School | IFA, vitamin A | 12- to 15-year-old children | Hemoglobin, anemia, low serum retinol |
| Tee et al., 1999 [57] | RCT | Malaysia | School | IFA | 12- to 17-year-old girls | Anemia |
| Viljakainen et al., 2006 [58] | RCT | Finland | School | Vitamin D | 11- to 12-year-old girls | Serum vitamin D, serum PTH |
| Yusoff et al., 2012 [59] | RCT | Malaysia | School | IFA, vitamin C | 16- to 17-year-old children | Hemoglobin |
| Nutrition in pregnant adolescents | ||||||
| Chan et al., 2006 [60] | RCT | U.S.A. | Clinic | Orange juice fortified with calcium | Pregnant adolescents ages 15–17 years | Serum electrolyte values, weight, height, blood pressure, and 2-day dietary record |
| Cherry et al., 1993 [61] | RCT | U.S.A. | Clinic | Zinc supplementation | Pregnant adolescents | Incidence of low birth weight |
| Corbett and Burst, 1983 [62] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Higgins Nutrition Program: consists of an assessment of each pregnant adolescent's risk profile for adverse pregnancy outcomes and an individualized nutritional rehabilitation program based on that profile | Pregnant adolescents | Incidence of low birth weight |
| Dubois et al., 1997 [63] | Quasi | Canada | Clinic | Higgins Nutrition Program: consists of an assessment of each pregnant adolescent's risk profile for adverse pregnancy outcomes and an individualized nutritional rehabilitation program based on that profile | Pregnant adolescents | Incidence of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality |
| Elster et al., 1987 [64] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Medical, psychosocial, and nutritional services to pregnant adolescents | Pregnant adolescents younger than 18 years | Incidence of low birth weight and preterm delivery |
| Felice et al., 1981 [65] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Intensive nutritional, psychosocial, and medical intervention and optimal obstetric care. | Pregnant adolescents younger than 15 years | Incidence of low birth weight |
| Hardy et al., 1987 [66] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Nutritional education, group discussions, and psychosocial support | Pregnant adolescents younger than 18 years | Incidence of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality |
| Heins et al., 1987 [67] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Resource Mother Program: Each resource mother is assigned to a pregnant teenage primigravida and serves as part of her support system throughout pregnancy and until the infant's first birthday. | Pregnant adolescents younger than 19 years | Incidence of low birth weight and perinatal mortality |
| Hun et al., 2002 [68] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Have a Healthy Baby nutrition education program | Pregnant adolescents 14–19 years | Mean birth weight |
| Korenbrot et al., 1989 [69] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Community | Teenage Pregnancy and Parenting Program | Pregnant adolescents younger than 18 years | Incidence of low birth weight |
| Long et al., 2002 [70] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Supplemental Nutrition Program | Pregnant adolescents | Nutrition knowledge, diet quality, and infant birth weight |
| Meier et al., 2002 [71] | RCT | U.S.A. | Clinic | Iron supplement | Pregnant adolescents 15–18 years | Birth weight, gestational age, and iron deficiency anemia |
| Paige et al., 1981 [72] | Quasi | U.S.A. | School | Nutritional supplement | Pregnant adolescents | Mean birth weight |
| Piechnik and Corbett, 1983 [73] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Prenatal screening, patient education, psychosocial evaluation and counseling, nutritional assessment and counseling, intrapartum care, and postpartum follow-up | Pregnant adolescents 12–17 years | Incidence of low birth weight, anemia, and pre-eclampsia |
| Silva et al., 1993 [74] | Quasi | Portugal | Clinic | Specialized prenatal care | Pregnant adolescents younger than 18 years | Incidence of low birth weight and preterm delivery |
| Smoke and Grace, 1988 [75] | Quasi | U.S.A. | Clinic | Specialized education program | Pregnant adolescents younger than 18 years | Incidence of low birth weight, preterm delivery, and pregnancy complications |
IFA = iron folic acid; MMN = multiple micronutrients; PTH = parathyroid hormone; RCT = randomized controlled trial.