Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of the Subjects and Interventions
| Reference | Health Outcomes (primary/secondary) |
Study Design & Intervention |
Sample | Summary of Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Nicklas et al. 2015 | Body composition Physical function |
RCT: 5 months 2 groups: resistance training (RT); RT plus caloric restriction (RT+CR) |
n=126 women & men Age: 69.5± 3.7 yr (65–79) BMI: 30.6±2.3 kg/m2 (27–35) |
RT+CR had greater improvements in: total body fat mass, percentage of fat, grip strength, 400-m walk time, and self- reported disability |
| 2. Messier et al. 2013 | Body composition Inflammation Physical function Quality of life |
RCT: 18 months 3 groups: exercise alone (E), diet alone (D), and combination diet and exercise (D + E) |
n=454 women with knee osteoarthritis Age: 66.0±6.2 yr (55+) BMI: 33.6±3.7 kg/m2 (27–41) |
Both diet groups had greater decreases in: weight, fat mass, lean mass, regional fat mass, bone mineral density, knee compressive force, IL-6 and CRP. The D + E had improvements in functional outcomes and quality of life |
| 3. Rejeski et al. 2011 | Body composition Inflammation Physical function |
RCT: 18 months 3 groups: : physical activity (PA) with or without dietary weight loss (WL) and a successful aging (SA) control group |
n=288 women with cardiovascular disease risk factors Age: 67.1±4.8 yr (60–79) BMI: 32.8±3.8 kg/m2 (28–39.9) |
Fat mass, lean mass, leptin and hsIL-6 were reduced in the PA + WL group. The WL group lost three times the lean mass as the other groups. The WL + PA group improved their 400 meter walk test time compared with PA and SA |
| 4. Villareal et al. 2011 | Body composition Cardiometabolic disease Bone Metabolism Inflammation Physical function Cognitive status Quality of life |
RCT: 12 months 4 groups: control group, a weight- management (diet) group, an exercise group, or a weight- management-plus- exercise (diet- exercise) group. |
n=107 women w/ mild to moderate frailty Age: 69.7±4.0 yr BMI: 37.2±5.0 kg/m2 |
Both the exercise and diet- exercise group had improvements in physical performance tests and functional status questionnaire. The diet-exercise group had decreased weight, lean mass, fat mass, thigh muscle and fat, bone mineral density, The exercise group had increased lean mass and thigh muscle, and decreased thigh fat, bone mineral density at total hip |
| 5. Santanasto et al. 2011 | Body Composition Physical Function |
RCT: 6 months 2 groups: physical activity plus dietary weight loss (PA + WL) or physical activity plus successful aging health education (PA + SA) |
n=36 women Age: 70.3±5.9 yr (60+) BMI: 33.0±3.2 kg/m2 (28–39.9) |
The PA + SA group had increased thigh muscle density and lean muscle mass and quadriceps muscle density. The PA + WL group compared with the PA + SA had greater decrease in waist circumference, weight, BMI, percent fat, total fat mass, abdominal fat mass, visceral fat, and thigh muscle mass. No differences were observed for physical function. |
| 6a. Solomon et al., 2008 | Body composition Cardiometabolic disease Physical function |
RCT: 12 weeks 2 groups: Aerobic exercise (EX) or exercise plus caloric restriction (EX+CR) |
n=23 women & men with impaired glucose tolerance Age: 66.0±1.0 yr (66+/−1 yr) BMI: 34.3±5.2 kg/m2 |
Both groups had reductions in weigh, total fat mass and waist circumference, leptin, intramuscular lipids, andRQ. Insulin sensitivity and VO2max increased in both groups. The Ex+CR group had greater changes in weight, fat mass, leptin concentrations, and basal fat oxidation than the EX group |
| 6b. Solomon et al. 2009 | Body composition Cardiometabolic disease |
RCT: 12 weeks 2 groups: Exercise (EX) or exercise plus caloric restriction (EX− HYPO) |
n=16 women & men Age: 66.0±1.0 yr (66+/−1 yr) BMI: 33.2±1.4kg/m2 (BMI 33.2+/−1.4) |
Both groups had decreases in weight, total fat mass, and increases in insulin sensitivity. |
| 6c. Yassine et al. 2009 | Body composition Cardiometabolic disease Physical function |
RCT: 12 weeks 2 groups: Exercise (EX) or exercise plus caloric restriction (EX+CR) |
n=24 women & men with metabolic syndrome Age: 65.5±5.0 yr (65.5 +/−5 yrs) BMI: 34.3±5.2 kg/m2 (30–40) |
Both groups had significantly decreased weight, waist circumference, total abdominal, subcutaneous, and visceral fat; improvements in insulin sensitivity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glucose, triglycerides, and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and improved aerobic capacity. Ex+CR group had greater decrease in weight and and subcutaneous fat than Ex group. |
| 7. Messier et al. 2004 | Physical function Bone Metabolism |
RCT: 18 months 4 groups: healthy lifestyles (control), diet only, exercise only, and diet plus exercise |
n=316 women with knee osteoarthritis Age: 68.7±0.8 yr BMI: 34.2±0.6 kg/m2 |
The diet plus exercise group had significant improvements in self- reported physical function, 6- minute walk distance, stair-climb time, and knee pain compared to the healthy lifestyle group. The diet-only group did not differ from the healthy lifestyle group for any of the functional or mobility measures. Both weight-loss groups had significantly greater decreases in weight than did the healthy lifestyle group. CR had no significant effect on markers of bone metabolism |
*
Note 6a, 6b, and 6c emanate from the same study. However, because they report on different subsets of the sample with varying sample sizes and characteristics, we report the descriptions of the papers separately in this table.