Table 1.
Sample Characteristics by Sex and Race.
| Non-Hispanic Whites | African Americans | Total | Difference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 773 (60%) | 514 (40%) | ||||||
| Women | Men | Women | Men | Sex | Race | ||
| 469 (36%) | 304 (24%) | 359 (28%) | 155 (12%) | 1,287 (100%) | p < 0.05 | ||
| Age (years)a | 59.8 (9.9) | 60.9 (9.5) | 64.2 (7.9) | 63.3 (8.6) | 61.7 (9.3) | * | * |
| BMI (kg/m2)a | 30.1 (6.7) | 29.9 (5.0) | 31.3 (5.9) | 28.2 (4.3) | 30.1 (5.9) | * | * |
| Hypertensive (%) | 340 (72%) | 230 (76%) | 282 (79%) | 105 (68%) | 957 (74%) | * | |
| Diabetic (%) | 36 (8%) | 32 (11%) | 56 (16%) | 22 (14%) | 146 (11%) | * | |
| Ever smoked (%) | 189 (40%) | 179 (59%) | 111 (31%) | 95 (61%) | 574 (45%) | * | * |
| MMSE (0–30)a | 29.1 (1.2) | 28.6 (1.5) | 27.6 (1.8) | 27.8 (1.7) | 28.4 (1.6) | * | * |
| Education (yrs) a | 13.5 (2.1) | 13.6 (2.7) | 13.0 (3.2) | 13.1 (3.6) | 13.3 (2.8) | * | |
|
| |||||||
| Beta blocker (%) | 158 (34%) | 98 (32%) | 48 (13%) | 19 (12%) | 323 (25%) | * | |
| Ca channel (%) | 64 (14%) | 47 (15%) | 94 (26%) | 38 (25%) | 243 (19%) | * | |
| RAAS (%) | 132 (28%) | 123 (40%) | 133 (37%) | 40 (26%) | 428 (33%) | ||
| Sympatholytic (%) | 4 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 11 (3%) | 3 (2%) | 18 (1%) | * | |
| Alpha blocker (%) | 1 (0%) | 18 (6%) | 10 (3%) | 13 (8%) | 42 (3%) | * | * |
| Vasodilator (%) | 2 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 1 (0%) | 3 (2%) | 7 (1%) | ||
| Diuretic (%) | 198 (42%) | 98 (32%) | 163 (45%) | 50 (32%) | 509 (40%) | * | |
| NSAID (%) | 60 (13%) | 39 (13%) | 65 (18%) | 10 (6%) | 174 (14%) | * | |
| NN analgesic (%) | 144 (31%) | 141 (46%) | 91 (25%) | 41 (26%) | 417 (32%) | * | * |
|
| |||||||
| CRP (mg/L) a | 5.19 (5.51) | 3.11 (4.25) | 6.29 (6.69) | 4.36 (5.99) | 4.91 (5.78) | * | * |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) a | 7.96 (5.58) | 9.14 (7.40) | 9.27 (6.32) | 8.76 (6.57) | 8.70 (6.40) | * | |
| sTNFR-1 (pg/mL) a | 1,341 (702) | 1,390 (621) | 1,182 (640) | 1,083 (482) | 1,276 (650) | * | |
| sTNFR-2 (pg/mL) a | 1,962 (894) | 1,972 (694) | 1,882 (863) | 1,751 (657) | 1,920 (817) | * | |
|
| |||||||
| TIV (cm3) a | 1,463 (162) | 1,722 (139) | 1,318 (189) | 1,615 (147) | 1,502 (223) | * | * |
| Left HV (mm3) a | 3,945 (448) | 4,173 (467) | 3,708 (433) | 3,974 (494) | 3,936 (484) | * | * |
| Right HV (mm3) a | 3,978 (437) | 4,271 (473) | 3,811 (393) | 4,078 (520) | 4,013 (475) | * | * |
a
Values are mean (standard deviation).
Kruskal-Wallis rank tests for sex or race differences significant to p<0.05 are indicated with an asterisk. BMI = body mass index; MMSE = Mini mental status exam; CRP = C-reactive protein; NSAID = non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; NN = non-narcotic; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; IL-6 = interleukin-6; sTNFR = soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor; TIV = total intracranial volume; HV = hippocampal volume.