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Effect of chemical inhibitors on VP6-induced TNF-α secretion by RAW 264.7 cells. The change in TNF-α production (%) by pharmacological inhibitors MβCD, cytochalasin D, or chloroquine of cells stimulated with 50 μg/mL pure or impure VP6 nanotubes for 17 h in the presence or absence of an inhibitor. VP6-induced TNF-α production (pg/mL) without an inhibitor was considered 100%. Shown are the mean values of two independent analyses with standard deviations.
