Table 2.

Results: success rate, treatment duration, reduction of open bite and divergency, side effects and stability

Selected references	Success rate	Treatment duration/observation time	Time of daily appliance wear (h)	Reduction of open bite and divergency	Methods of measurement	Side effects	Follow-up/stability
Albogha H et al. [24]	33 % (RMI)	4 months	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	Both hindered oral hygiene.	No/no stability information
	27 % (MBB)			Yes divergency
Mucedero M et al. [35]	86 %	18 months/no retention information	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	At least 5 years/no relapse (data not suitable with inclusion criteria)
				Yes divergency
Torres FC et al. [33]	70 % (FPC + VCC)	12 months/no	24 h (RPC, FPC)	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
	50 % (RPC + VCC)	Retention information	14-16 h (VCC)	No divergency
Cassis MA et al. [34]	86.7 %	12 months/no retention information	24 h (BS)	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
			14-16 h (VCC)	Yes divergency
Doshi UH et al. [23]	Not declared	Until an edge-to-edge bite was achieved (max 8 months)/retention with passive BB for 10 months	not declared	Yes open bite	Clinical evaluation, cephalometry, electromyography	Broken spring replaced in 7 pz (SLBB)	10 months/insignificant dentoalveolar relapse
				Yes divergency
Giuntini V et al. [32]	90 % (Q-H/C)	18 months/no retention information	24 h (Q-H/C)	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
	60 % (RPC)		16 h (RPC)	Yes divergency
Cinsar A et al. [22] (subgroups)	100 %	9–11 months/no retention information	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				Yes divergency
Defraia E et al. [41]	85 %	18 months/about 12 months of retention with OBB	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				Yes divergency
Cozza P et al. [30]	85 %	18 months/no retention (16 patients); removable appliance for retention for 1 year (5 patients)	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	2 years/relapse in 15 % of subjects
				Yes divergency
Cozza P et al. [31]	Not declared	Active treatment	24 h (Q-H/C)	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	1 year/no relapse (QH/C)
		18 months/no retention (Q-H/C)	24 h (OBB)	Yes divergency (QH/C more than OBB)
							No stability information (OBB)
		18 months/no retention, with the exception of a few patients who continued to use the OBB at night (OBB)
		Observation time
		2.6 years ± 9 months (Q-H/C)
		2.5 years ± 1.2 years (UCG)
Pedrin F et al. [27]	80 %	12 months/no retention information	14–16 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				No divergency
Torres F et al. [28]	80 %	12 months/no retention information	14–16 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				No divergency
Cozza P et al. [29]	90 %	18 months/no retention information	24 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/No stability information
				Yes divergency
Işcan HN et al. [16]	88 %	6–12 months until overbite was obtained (mean 9 months) no retention	16 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				Yes divergency
Bazzucchi A et al. [21]	Not declared	8 months (MBB)	Not declared	Yes openbite	Cephalometry	No	Not suitable with inclusion criteria
		9 months (uCG)		Yes divergency
		No retention information		(Not statistically but clinically significant changes)
Işcan HN and Sarisoy L [20]	80 % (PBB5)	4–10 months, until an overbite of 1–1.5 mm was achieved (PBB5)	18 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
	66 % (PBB10)			Yes divergency
		4–13 months, until an overbite of 1–1.5 mm was achieved (PBB10)
		7–9 months (UCG)
		No retention information
Erbay E et al. [40]	Not declared	24 months (FR)	18 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
		24 months (UCG)		Yes divergency
		No retention information
Işcan HN et al. [19]	100 %	1–10 months until an overbite of 1–1.5 mm was achieved (SLBB)	16 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				Yes divergency
		3–9 months until an overbite of 1–1.5 mm was achieved (PBB) then worn only at night for retention
Weinbach JR and Smith RJ [39]	67 % had a reduction of open bite	Mean 20 months	Not declared	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
		No retention		Yes divergency
Kuster R and Ingervall B [18]	Not declared	SLBB 1 year	At night (SLBB)	Yes open bite	Bite force, cephalometry, electromyography	Broken spring replaced in 12 pz (SLBB)	6 months/tendency to relapse (MBB)
		MBB 3 months	24 h (MBB)	Yes divergency
		2 MBB patients: no retention
		1 MBB: activator as retention for 1 year
							No stability information (SLBB)
		3 MBB patients: upper removable plate with posterior platforms 6–8 months
		3 MBB patients 1 year multibanded appliance
Ngan P et al. [38]	100 %	Mean 14 months until overcorrection of dental and skeletal relationship	2 h (first 3 days) than increased until 24 h (A)	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
				Yes divergency	Study casts
		No retention	12–14 h (HPH)
Haydar B and Enacar A [37]	Not declared	FR 1235 years	Not available	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	No/no stability information
		UCG 1024 years		No divergency
Kiliaridis S et al. [17]	100 %	6 months	18 h	Yes open bite	Cephalometry, study casts, intra-oral photographs, monthly analysis of the stomatognatic system	Lateral crossbite (MBB)	No/no stability information
		No retention		Yes divergency
						Effect declined with time (PBB)
Fränkel R et al. [36]	Not declared	No treatment and retention durations information	Not declared	Yes open bite	Cephalometry	No	At least 4 years out of retention/Stability if lips
		Observation time		Yes divergency			Sealed without muscular straint.
		8 years					Relapse rate not declared

Legends: RMI rapid molar intruder, MBB magnetic bite block, Q-H/C quad-helix/crib, UCG untreated control group, RPC removable palatal crib, VCC vertical chin cup, FPC fixed palatal crib, BS bonded spurs, SLBB spring-loaded bite block, OBB open bite bionator, PBB5 posterior bite blocks 5 mm, PBB10 posterior bite blocks 10 mm, FR Fränkel appliance, LSE lip seal exercises, A-HPH Teuscher appliance