Fig. 3.

(A) Fractal dimension $D_f$ of the 2D invasion pattern as a function of the static contact angle θ, computed using the box-counting method. The open circles correspond to the snapshots presented in the phase diagram (Fig. 2) and the filled circles represent additional experiments conducted at the same conditions (SI Appendix, Fig. S6). (B) Box plots of the gap-averaged water saturation S of the invaded regions as a function of θ. The open circles correspond to the median S, and the lower and upper edges of each box represent the first and third quartiles of S, respectively. (C) Displacement efficiency $E_{\text{d}}$ as a function of θ, where $E_{\text{d}}$ is defined as the fraction of the defending fluid that has been displaced from the flow cell at the end of the experiment.