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. 2016 Sep 19;6:33561. doi: 10.1038/srep33561

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Copyright © 2016, The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Schematic representation of the parallel fiber (PF) to Purkinje neuron (PN) synapse with a PF varicosity drawn in the upper part and the corresponding PN spine shown below. Molecular layer interneuron inhibitory synapse (MLI) is also shown in the scheme. Following high frequency parallel fibers (PF) stimulation, GABA_A-mediated hyperpolarization (blue shadow) limits AMPA-induced depolarization (pink shadow) to a range suitable for Ca_V3 activation (light violet shadow). AMPA-mediated depolarization (red arrow) activates Ca_V3 calcium channels dependently on their availability regulated by inhibition (blue arrow) and Ca_V3-mediated calcium influx is enhanced by mGluR1 activation (yellow arrow). mGluR1 activation also leads to calcium release from intracellular stores via IP3 receptors. The described molecular steps initiate the cascade that leads to MLI_dep-LTP and downstream events are still to be determined.