Table 1.

Model outputs of mixed-effect models as detailed in the appropriate analyses

Model terms	Estimate	SE	df	P	Sample size	Constant
Natural sentinel data: do dominant males invest differentially in sentinel behavior?						−1.64
Sex × dominance	Figure 1		1	0.031	200
Social group size	0.0095	0.064	1	0.86	200
Natural sentinel data: is the dominance effect among males attributable to age?						−0.80
Age	−0.00086	0.00038	1	0.022	85
Dominance	1.37	0.20	1	<0.001	85
Social group size	−0.0042	0.085	1	0.96	85
Natural sentinel data: is the dominance effect among males attributable to body condition?a						−1.65
Body condition	<0.00001	<0.00001	7	0.14	21
Dominance	<0.00001	<0.00001	7	0.053	21
Experiment 1: does an intrasexual challenge impact dominant male sentinel behavior?a						6.04
Observation session stage × playback treatment	Figure 2		27	<0.001	40

The estimate and SE values are reported at the point where the fixed term was either removed from the model (with P > 0.05) or retained (with P < 0.05) under stepwise model simplification. Constant values reported from the minimum model (with only significant terms retained). df, degrees of freedom; SE, standard error.

^aValues reported from a full glmmPQL model (see Methods for details).