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. 2016 Sep 19;14:78. doi: 10.1186/s12915-016-0305-y

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© League and Hillyer. 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 10 — The circulatory and immune systems of mosquito larvae and adults are functionally integrated. a In larvae, hemolymph enters the heart via the posterior incurrent openings of the heart. At this location, tracheal tuft hemocytes phagocytose and kill pathogens as they flow with the hemolymph while en route to the heart. Infection does not induce the migration of hemocytes to the tracheal tufts. b In adults, hemolymph enters the heart via ostia located in abdominal segments 2–7. At these locations, periostial hemocytes phagocytose and kill pathogens as they flow with the hemolymph while en route to the heart. Infection induces the migration of additional hemocytes to the periostial regions, where they amplify the phagocytosis response. Illustrations are not drawn to scale