Table 2.

Overview of the physical effects of vacuum massage on epidermis/dermis/hypodermis

Paper	Tissue hardness subjective	Tissue hardness objective	Elasticity subjective	Elasticity objective	Skin fold thickness	Scar adhesions	Face volume	Skin laxity	Epidermal thickness	Skin roughness	Colour subjective
Delprat et al. 1995 [12]						Decreased
Gavroy et al. 1996 [22]						Decreased
Adcock et al. 2001 [23]		Decreased
Revuz et al. 2002 [19]				No changes			Decreased	Decreased
Innocenzi et al. 2002 [20]									Increased
Innocenzi et al. 2003 [21]									Increased
Ortonne et al. 2003 [26]					Decreased					Decreased
Worret et al. 2004 [3]	Decreased		Increased	Increased							Decreased
Moseley et al. 2007 [24]	Decreased	Decreased	Increased
Bourgeois et al. 2008 [27]	Decreased									Decreased	Decreased
Monteux et al. 2008 [13]					Decreased
Scuderi et al. 2008 [28]	Decreased							Decreased
Marquez-Rebollo et al. 2014 [17]	Decreased		Increased
Majani et al. 2013 [18]	Decreased		Increased