Table 3.

Overview of the physiological effects of vacuum massage on epidermis/dermis/hypodermis

Paper	Blood perfusion	Dermo-hypodermal junction	Collagen content	Collagen orientation	Venous flow velocity	Lymphatic flow	tcpO2	Fibroblasts	Fibroblast phenotype	Dermal interstitial space	Superficial vascular surface	Pain	Itch	Altered gene profile
Lucassen et al. 1997 [15]						Decreased
Adcock et al. 1998 [1]						Decreased
Watson et al. 1999 [2]		Decreased
Lattarulo et al. 2001 [14]				No changes			Decreased	Decreased
Revuz et al. 2002 [19]									Increased
Innocenzi et al. 2002 [20]									Increased
Innocenzi et al. 2003 [21]					Decreased					Decreased
Ortonne et al. 2003 [26]	Decreased		Increased	Increased							Decreased
Worret et al. 2004 [3]	Decreased	Decreased	Increased									Decreased
Bourgeois et al. 2008 [27]	Decreased									Decreased	Decreased	Decreased	Decreased
Marques et al. 2011 [16]					Decreased									Yes
Majani et al. 2013 [18]	Decreased							Decreased

tcpO2 transcutaneous oxygen pressure