Table 2.

Longitudinal association of Digit Symbol Substitution Test Score (DSST) and white matter hyperintensity (WMH, grade ≥ 3) in 1992–94 with cumulative incident outcomes through 1999 in cognition (Modified Minimental Status score, 3MS), mobility (gait speed, GS) and mood (Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression score, CES-D). Subgroup with magnetic resonance imaging (N = 3630). Only those without a baseline disorder in that domain are included in the analysis for each outcome. Odds ratio (95% confidence intervals) and significance level

			Cognitive disorders (3MS, points) Analyzed N = 2,851			Mobility disorders (GS, m/s) Analyzed N = 1,019			Mood disorders (CES-D, points) Analyzed N = 1,422
			Subclinical (80–85)	Clinical (<80)	Indeterminate Outcome	Subclinical (0.6–1.0)	Clinical (<0.6)	Indeterminate Outcome	Subclinical (5–10)	Clinical (≥11)	Indeterminate Outcome
			N = 484	N = 510	N = 1,131	N = 973	N = 130	N = 197	N = 1,010	N = 408	N = 445
DSST, per point	Model 1		0.91***	0.89***	0.96***	0.97***	0.95***	0.95***	0.99**	0.96***	0.97***
			0.90–0.93	0.88–0.90	0.95–0.97	0.95–0.99	0.92–0.97	0.92–0.97	0.97–1.00	0.95–0.98	0.95–0.98
	Model 2		0.94***	0.92***	0.97***	0.98*	0.95***	0.95***	1.00	0.99	0.98*
			0.93–0.96	0.91–0.93	0.96–0.98	0.95–1.00	0.92–0.98	0.92–0.98	0.99–1.02	0.97–1.01	0.97–1.00
	Model 3		0.96***	0.93***	0.97***	0.98	0.96**	0.95**	1.00	1.00	1.00
			0.94–0.97	0.92–0.95	0.96–0.99	0.95–1.01	0.93–1.00	0.92–0.99	0.99–1.02	0.98–1.02	0.97–1.02
WMH ≥ 3	Model 1		1.55***	2.29***	1.65***	2.89***	5.72***	3.01***	1.72***	2.30***	1.94***
			2.20–1.99	1.82–2.90	1.35–2.01	1.55–5.38	2.79–11.7	1.38–6.55	1.21–2.45	1.56–3.40	1.28–2.94
	Model 2		1.39**	1.95***	1.60***	2.09**	4.23***	2.61**	1.54**	1.79***	1.60**
			1.03–1.86	1.47–2.58	1.28–2.00	1.07–4.09	1.94–9.22	1.14–5.96	1.08–2.21	1.19–2.70	1.05–2.46
	Model 3		1.13	1.52***	1.31**	1.59	2.80**	2.19*	1.50**	1.55**	1.40
			0.82–1.55	1.12–2.07	1.03–1.68	0.79–3.24	1.22–6.34	0.91–5.29	1.03–2.19	1.01–2.40	0.89–2.20
DSST and WMH ≥ 3	Model 1	DSST	0.91***	0.89***	0.96***	0.97***	0.95***	0.95***	0.99**	0.97***	0.97***
			0.90–0.93	0.88–0.90	0.95–0.97	0.96–0.99	0.93–0.97	0.92–0.97	0.98–1.00	0.95–0.98	0.96–0.99
		WMH	1.25*	1.76***	1.48***	2.69***	5.12***	2.64**	1.64***	1.90***	1.66**
			0.96–1.63	1.36–2.28	1.20–1.82	1.44–5.04	2.48–10.6	1.21–5.79	1.15–2.34	1.27–2.85	1.08–2.55
	Model 2	DSST	0.95***	0.92***	0.97***	0.98*	0.96***	0.95***	1.00	0.99	0.99
			0.93–0.96	0.91–0.93	0.96–0.98	0.96–1.00	0.93–0.99	0.92–0.98	0.99–1.02	0.97–1.00	0.97–1.00
		WMH	1.22	1.67***	1.49***	1.97*	3.81***	2.26*	1.56**	1.76***	1.60**
			0.91–1.65	1.24–2.23	1.19–1.86	1.00–3.87	1.73–8.36	0.98–5.21	1.09–2.24	1.16–2.66	1.04–2.46
	Model 3	DSST	0.96***	0.93***	0.98***	0.98	0.97*	0.96**	1.01	1.00	1.00
			0.94–0.97	0.92–0.95	0.96–0.99	0.95–1.01	0.93–1.00	0.92–0.99	0.99–1.02	0.98–1.02	0.98–1.02
		WMH	1.05	1.38**	1.26*	1.54	2.56**	1.94	1.52**	1.56**	1.43
			0.76–1.44	1.00–1.90	0.99–1.61	0.75–3.13	1.12–5.90	0.80–4.73	1.04–2.22	1.01–2.42	0.91–2.26

MODEL 1: unadjusted.

MODEL 2: Adjusted for Modified Mini-Mental State examination, gait speed and Center for Epidemiological Studies- Depression in 1992–94.

MODEL 3: Further adjusted for age, gender, race, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, physical activity, ankle–arm index and education in 1992–94.

Indeterminate status is assigned if there is missing data on the outcomes from interval annual visits and final status was not normal.

*p < 0.10; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01.