Table 3.

Summary of included studies reporting on the distribution of pathogens and serotypes.

Country Origin of samples	N*	Age group	Population	Bacterial pathogen	Viral pathogen	Serotype	Total number of isolates/ strains obtained	n (%) (no of patients with pathogen/ serotype)	N (%) (total number of patients from whom isolates were obtained)	Source
Origin of samples				n
Gambia	278	3 m - 5 y	Malnourished with pneumonia	S. pneumoniae	NR	NR	Unclear	11 (7%)	159	41
Nasopharyngeal,				Hib				3 (1.9%)
blood samples,				Other H.				3 (1.9%)
lung aspiration,				influenzae				4 (2.5%)
sputum and				Salmonella spp				1 (0.6%)
pleural aspirate				E. coli				1 (0.6%)
				K. pneumoniae				1 (0.6%)
				S. aureus				1 (0.6%)
				S. epidermis				2 (1.25%)
				Other
				Streptococci				4 (2.5%)
				M. tuberculosis
			Well-nourished with pneumonia	S. pneumoniae			Unclear	31 (26%)	119
				Hib				8 (6.7%)
				Salmonella spp				1(0.8%)
				Acinetobacter spp				1 (0.8%)
				S. aureus				3 (2.5%)
				Other				2 (1.7%)
				Streptococci
Nigeria	399	2–59 m	Children with pneumonia and meningitis*	S. pneumoniae	NR	NR	399	9 (10%)	90	62
Blood samples				Hib				2 (2.2%)
				Other spp (NR)				72 (80%)
Mozambique	835	<5 y	Children with	NR	RV	NR	135		135	29
Nasopharyngeal aspirate and blood samples		<3 m	CAP					14 (10%)
		3–12 m						67 (50%)
		12–60 m						54 (40%)
		HIV-infected						26 (30%)
		<3 m			ADV		57	1 (2%)	57
		3–12 m						12 (21%)
		12–60 m						44 (77%)
		HIV-infected						9 (24%)
		<3 m			RSV		38	11 (29%)	38
		3–12 m						16 (42%)
		12–60 m						11 (29%)
		HIV-infected						3 (10%)
		<3 m			hMPV		29	6 (21%)	29
		3–12 mo						16 (55%)
		12–60 m						7 (24%)
		HIV-infected						7 (33%)
		<3 m			Influenza		28	4 (14%)	28
		3–12 m						7 (25%)
		12–60 m						17 (61%)
		HIV-infected						4 (25%)
		<3 m			PIV		20	4 (20%)	20
		3–12 m						7 (35%)
		12–60 m						9 (45%)
		HIV-infected						3 (19%)
		<3 m			EV		10	3 (30%)	10
		3–12 m						3 (30%)
		12–60 m						4 (40%)
		HIV-infected						1 (14%)
		<3 m			Co-		77	7 (9%)	77
		3–12 m			infections			21 (27%)
		12–60 m						49 (64%)
		HIV-infected						14 (25%)
India, Nepal and Sri Lanka	1,468	2–59 m	Children with either pneumonia or meningitis*	S. pneumoniae	NR	NR	1,468	9 (0.6%)	1,468	48
				H. influenzae				7 (0.5%)
Blood samples				Other spp (NR)				161 (11%)
Bangladesh	Unclear	<5 y	Children with	Hib	NR	NR	25	15 (60%)	25	59
Blood samples			H. influenzae	Other serotypes				4 (16%)
			related diseases	NTHi				6 (24%)
China	760	<28 d	Neonates	E. coli	NR	NR	425	115	425	63
Respiratory tract			with CAP	K. pneumoniae				(27%)
aspirates and				H. influenzae				77 (18%)
blood samples				B. cepacia				31 (7%)
				C. freundii				14
				B. cloacae				(3.3%)
				A. baumannii				11
				H. parainfluenzae				(2.6%)
				Other				11
				enterobacter				(2.6%)
				P. aeruginosa				5 (1.2%)
				Stenotrophomonas				5 (1.2%)
								5 (1.2%)
								2 (0.5%)
								2 (0.5%)
				S. aureus			142	83
				S. epidermidis				(19.5%)
				S. haemolyticus				27 (6.3%)
				Other				11 (2.6%)
				Staphylococci				11 (2.6%)
				Streptococcus				11 (2.6%)
				C. albicans				5 (1.2%)
China	3,865	<5 y	Children hospitalised with CAP	S. pneumoniae	NR	19F	338	188	338	64
Hypopharyngeal aspirate; respiratory tract aspirate; blood samples and pleural fluid						19A
						23F		(55.6%) 47
						6B		(13.9%)
						14		34 (10.1%)
						4		16 (4.7%)
						6A		12 (3.6%)
						15B		8 (2.4%)
						3		4 (1.2%)
						2		4 (1.2%)
						5		2 (0.6%)
						10A		1 (0.3%)
						11A		1 (0.3%)
						33F		1 (0.3%)
						NI		1 (0.3%)
								1 (0.3%)
								18 (5.3%)
China	280	<6 y	Cross	NR	RSV		27	27	280	65
Blood samples			sectional		PIV		16	(9.6%)
					ADV		24	16
					Flu		6	(5.7%)
								24 (8.6%)
								6 (2.1%)
China	554	1 m - 13 y	Children hospitalised with CAP	NR	HRV-A		554	NR	554	37
Nasopharyngeal		≤6 m					246	31	246
aspirate		6.1–12 m					81	(12.6%)	81
		12–24 m					34	9 (11.1%)	34
		24.1–36 m					23	3 (8.8%)	23
		36.1–72 m					46	3 (13.0%)	46
		≥72 .1 m					124	2 (4.3%)	124
		≤6 m						3 (2.4%)
		6.1–12m
		12–24 m			HRV-B			5 (2.0%)	Unclear
		24.1–36 m						0
		36.1–72 m						2 (5.9%)
		≥72 .1 m						0
								0
								3 (2.4%)
		≤6 m			HRV-C			18	Unclear
		6.1–12 m						(7.3%)
		12–24 m						8 (9.9%)
		24.1–36 m						4
		36.1–72 m						(11.8%)
		≥72 .1 m						2 (8.7%)
								3 (6.5%)
								3 (2.4%)
China	1,441	1–6 m	Children with	K. pneumoniae	NR	NR	761	120	Unclear	66
Respiratory tract			CAP	E. coli				77
aspirates				S. aureus				39
				S. pneumoniae				22
		7–12 m		K. pneumoniae				28	Unclear
				E. coli				27
				S. aureus				5
				S. pneumoniae				23
		13–24 m		K. pneumoniae				13	Unclear
				E. coli				22
				S. aureus				8
				S. pneumoniae				22
		25–60 m		K. pneumoniae				9	Unclear
				E. coli				4
				S. aureus				11
				S. pneumoniae				22
China	1,011	<5 y	Children with	S. pneumoniae		19F	90	56	90	43
Sputum samples			CAP			23F		(62.2%)
						6B		14
						4		(15.6%)
								9
								(10.0%)
								6 (6.7%)
China Blood samples	NR	<5 y	Children with S. pneumoniae invasive and non-invasive isolates	S. pneumoniae	NR	Invasive isolates	31		Unclear	67
			(no separate data for pneumonia reported)			19F		7
						19A		(22.5%)
						14		9
						6B		(29.0%)
						23F		4
						15		(12.9%)
						5		0
						11		1 (3.2%)
								0
								3 (9.7%)
								2 (6.5%)
						Non-Invasive	420
						19F		183
						19A		(43.5%)
						14		44
						6B		(10.4%)
						23F		31
						15		(7.4%)
						5		33
						11		(7.9%)
								25 (6.0%)
								20 (4.8%)
								0
								2 (0.5%)
China	821	<1 y	Children		RSV	NR	Unclear	75 (23%)	320	45
Blood and			admitted with		Flu			27 (8%)
nasopharyngeal			CAP		ADV			35 (11%)
samples					PIV			28 (9%)
		1–3 y			RSV			35	221
					influenza			(16%)
					ADV			17 (8%)
					PIV			17 (8%)
								15 (7%)
		3–5 y			RSV			22	147
					Flu			(15%)
					ADV			14
					PIV			(10%)
								9 (6%)
								10 (7%)
		>5 y			RSV			17	133
					Influenza			(13%)
					ADV			17
					PIV			(13%)
								6 (5%)
								9 (7%)
		<1 y		S. pneumoniae				26 (8%)
				Hib				35
				M. catarrhalis				(11%)
				M. pneumoniae				10 (3%)
								10 (3%)
		1–3 y		S. pneumoniae				56
				Hib				(25%)
				M. catarrhalis				40
				M. pneumoniae				(18%)
								2 (0.9%)
								17 (8%)
		3–5 y		S. pneumoniae				16
				Hib				(11%)
				M. catarrhalis				10 (7%)
				M. pneumoniae				1 (0.7%)
								24
								(16%)
		>5 y		S. pneumoniae				21 (16%)
				Hib				10 (8%)
				M. catarrhalis				1 (0.8%)
				M. pneumoniae				42 (32%)

^*This is the number of CAP subjects within the study and NOT the total study sample size; CAP, community acquired pneumonia; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; RV, rhinovirus; ADV, adenovirus; hMPV, human metapneumovirus; Flu, influenza virus; PIV, parainfluenza virus; EV, enterovirus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; Hib, H. influenzae type b; HRV, Human rhinovirus; NI, Not identified; d, day; m, month; y, year.