Table 1.
Human DNA adduct measured by IT-MS in the literature.
| Adduct | DNA source | DNA Isolation Method | μg DNA assayed |
Sample cleanup | MS | LOD/LOQ | Adduct level | reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BP-6-N7-Gua | Urine | IA | -- | HPLC fractionation |
QIT-MS2 | 5 to 10 fmol/mL urine |
20 – 50 fmol/mg urine creatinine |
(Bhattacharya et al., 2003) |
| Acro-dG | Hippocampus/parahippocam pal gyrus from brains |
N. R. | 10 μg | SPE | QIT-MS2 | 5 adducts per 108
nucleotides |
2.8 – 5.1 adducts per 106 nucleotides |
(Liu et al., 2005) |
| HNE-dG | Hippocampus/parahippocam pal gyrus and ingerior parietal lobule regions from brains |
N. R. | 10 μg | SPE | QIT-MS2 | 4 adducts per 108
nucleotides |
2.4 – 5.6 adducts per 107 nucleotides |
(Liu et al., 2006) |
| 4-OH-E1-1-N3-Ade | Breast tissues | LLE | -- | SPE, HPLC fractionation |
QIT-MS2 | 5-20 fmol/g tissue | 20-70 fmol/g tissue | (Zhang et al., 2008) |
| dG-4-ABP | 4-ABP treated human hepatocyte |
Phenol/chloroform extraction |
2-10 μg | SPE | LIT-CNL-MS3 | -- | -- | (Bessette et al., 2009) |
| dG-C8-4-ABP | Exfoliated urothelial cells | Qiagen™ Blood & Cell Culture Mini kit |
1 μg | Microfluidic chip |
QIT-MS2 | 5 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
N. D. | (Randall et al., 2010) |
| dG-C8 adducts of 4- ABP, AαC, IQ, MeIQx and PhIP |
Saliva buccal cells | Phenol/chloroform extraction |
9-51 μg | SPE | LIT-MS3 | 3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
1-9 adducts per 108
nucleotides |
(Bessette et al., 2010) |
| N7-Et-Gua | Leukocytes | Qiagen™ buffy coat kit | 180 μg | SPE | LIT-HRMS2 | 8 fmol/μmol guanine |
10 – 180 fmol/umol guanine |
(Balbo et al., 2011) |
| dG-C8 adducts of 4- ABP, AαC, IQ, MeIQx and PhIP |
Carcinogen treated human hepatocyte |
Phenol/chloroform extraction |
2-10 μg | Online trapping | LIT-MS3 | 3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
3.4 – 140/107
nucleotides |
(Nauwelaers et al., 2011) |
| dG-C8-PhIP and 4- ABP |
tumor-adjacent normal mammary tissues |
Phenol/chloroform extraction |
2-10 ug | Online trapping | LIT-MS3 | 3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
(Gu et al., 2012) |
| dA-AL-I | Normal renal cortex and upper urinary tract tumor tissues |
Phenol/chloroform extraction |
10-20 μg | Online trapping | LIT-MS3 | 3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
9-338 adducts per 108
nucleotides |
(Yun et al., 2013; Yun et al., 2012) |
| 8-oxo-dG | Urine | -- | -- | RP and SCX column coupling |
QIT-MS2 | 0.5 ng/mL urine | 1.16 ± 0.46 nmol/mmol creatine |
(Rota et al., 2013) |
| N7-THBG | Leukocytes | Qiagen™ buffy coat kit | 35-150 μg | SPE | LIT-HRMS2 | 2 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
0.6-19 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
(Sangaraju et al., 2013) |
| EB-GII | Leukocytes | Qiagen™ buffy coat kit | 3-76 μg | HPLC fractionation |
LIT-HRMS3 | 0.4 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
< LOQ | (Sangaraju et al., 2014) |
| M1dG | Leukocytes | Qiagen™ buffy coat kit | 39-244 μg | SPE, HPLC fractionation |
LIT-HRMS2 | 0.125 fmol/mg DNA | 0.004 – 9.15 adducts per 108 nucleotides |
(Ma et al., 2014) |
| dA-AL-I | Exfoliated urinary cells | Qiagen™ kit | 11 – 33 μg | Online trapping | LIT-MS3 | 3 adducts per 109
nucleotides |
3 to 581 adducts per 108
nucleotides |
(Yun et al., 2015) |
N. R. Not reported.
LLE. Liquid-liquid extraction.
N. D. Not detected.
RP. Reversed-phase.
SCX. Strong cation exchange.