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. 2016 Sep 6;2016:9850690. doi: 10.1155/2016/9850690

Table 1.

Molecular diagnostics markers of CRC currently used in established standard care or potentially being used in the near future.

Clinical utility Markers
Diagnostic markers BRAF [79, 80]; MSI [129]

Predictive markers
(i) Primary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb KRAS and NRAS [7, 8, 12, 1419]; BRAF [7, 2022]; PIK3CA [7]; other potential markers (ERBB2, EGFR, FGFR1, PDGFRA, and MAP2K1) [102]
(ii) Secondary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb Mutations in the MAPK pathway (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1) [9799]; EGFR [93, 100102]; amplification of KRAS; MET; ERBB2 [9395]
(iii) Immune checkpoint blockage therapy PD-L1 expression [116, 122124]; MSI [91]; genomic hypermutation [91, 111, 125, 129]

Prognostic markers BRAF [8183]; MSI [84, 85]; POLE [135]

The numbers in the parentheses indicate the references cited in this article.