Table 1.
Clinical utility | Markers∗ |
---|---|
Diagnostic markers | BRAF [79, 80]; MSI [129] |
| |
Predictive markers | |
(i) Primary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb | KRAS and NRAS [7, 8, 12, 14–19]; BRAF [7, 20–22]; PIK3CA [7]; other potential markers (ERBB2, EGFR, FGFR1, PDGFRA, and MAP2K1) [102] |
(ii) Secondary resistance to anti-EGFR mAb | Mutations in the MAPK pathway (KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, and MAP2K1) [97–99]; EGFR [93, 100–102]; amplification of KRAS; MET; ERBB2 [93–95] |
(iii) Immune checkpoint blockage therapy | PD-L1 expression [116, 122–124]; MSI [91]; genomic hypermutation [91, 111, 125, 129] |
| |
Prognostic markers | BRAF [81–83]; MSI [84, 85]; POLE [135] |
∗The numbers in the parentheses indicate the references cited in this article.