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. 2016 Sep 20;4:16027. doi: 10.1038/boneres.2016.27

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

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Microbiological evaluation of the implants and bone. (a) Roll-over cultures obtained from explanted rods. (b) Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) observation of explanted rods. Live bacteria showing green fluorescence were stained with SYTO 9 and dead bacteria showing red fluorescence were stained with propidium iodide. Magnification, ×100. The scale bar for the row is shown in the last image. (c) Amount of the detached adhered bacteria and biofilm after the rods were rolled over trypticase soy agar and (d) quantity of colony-forming units (CFUs) per gram of pulverized femur. *P<0.01, compared with the HACC-loaded titania nanotubes (NT-H) (n=6); **P<0.01, compared with chitosan-loaded titania nanotubes (NT-C) (n=6).