Table 2.

Medicinal plants used to treat malaria in Pakistan

S. no	Botanical name/family name	Common and or local name (s)	Area	Part used	Phytochemistry	Citation
1	Acacia nilotica L. (Delile)/Leguminosae (= Fabaceae)	Kikar	Mardan	Leaves	Terpenoids	[72]
2	Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham./Lamiaceae (= Ajugabracteosa Wall ex Benth./Labiatae)	Rati buti	Maradori valley	Leaves	NA	[73]
3	Allium cepa L./Amaryllidaceae (= Liliaceae)	Piaz	Bannu	Bulb	NA	[74]
4	Artemisia annua L./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Afsantin jari, Sweet Wormwood	Northern areas	Whole plant	Artemisinin	[75]
			Maradori valley	Root		[75]
5	Artemisia japonica Thunb./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Barmar, Basna Tashang	Northern areas	Whole plant	Artemisinin	[75]
6	Artemisia maritime L./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Tarkh, Zoon, Rooner	Northern areas	Whole plant	Artemisinin	[75]
7	Artemisia scoparia Waldst. and Kitam./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Lungi booti	Bhimber	Flowering shoots	Artemisinin	[76]
8	Azadirachta indica A.Juss./Meliaceae	Neem	D. I. Khan	Seeds, Leaves	Limonoid (gedunin)	[73]
9	Bupleurum longicaule Wall.ex DC./Apiaceae	Proshi	Maradori valley	Root	NA	[73]
10	Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand./Apocynaceae (= Asclepiadaceae)	Sodom apple, Mudar, Milk weed	Cholistan desert	Root	Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Nitrogen, Crude protein, Crude fiber, Soluble phosphates	[77]
			Karachi			[16]
11	Capparis spinosa L./Capparidaceae	Kaveer	Chitral	Flowers	NA	[78]
12	Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague/Apiaceae (= CarumcopticumL./Umbelliferae)	Ajwain	Quetta	Whole plant	NA	[48]
13	Datura stramoniumL./Solanaceae	Jimson weed	Faisalabad	Leaves	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, tannic acid, vitamin C, steroids	[79]
14	Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq./Sapindaceae	Ghwarasky	Allai valley	Seeds	NA	[80]
15	Enicostemma hyssopifolium Willd./ Gentianaceae	Chhota Chirayata, Nagajihva	Karachi	Whole plant	NA	[16]
16	Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh./Myrtaceae	River red gum	Karachi	Leaves, stem	NA	[16]
17	Fagonia creticaL./Zygophyllaceae	Azghakey	Mardan	Leaves	Terpenoids	[72]
18	Helianthus annuus L./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Maera stargay gul, Sunflower	Bannu	Leaves	NA	[74]
19	Melia azedarach L./Meliaceae	Neem, Chinaberry Tree	Islamabad	Green fruits	Phenols	[19]
20	Moringa oleifera Lam./Moringaceae	Sajna, Marango, Moonja	Faisalabad	Whole plant	NA	[81]
21	Nerium oleander L./Apocynaceae	Adelfa, Rose bay	Faisalabad	Leaves	Alkaloids	[79]
22	Origanum majorana L./Lamiaceae	Sweet marjoram	Faisalabad	Aerial parts	NA	[36]
23	Origanum vulgare L./Lamiaceae	Satar, Pot marjoram	Faisalabad	Aerial parts	NA	[36]
24	Peganum harmala L./Nitrariaceae (= Zygophyllaceae)	Harmal	Northern areas	Seeds	β-carboline alkaloid (isoharmine), harmaline, harmine	[82]
25	Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All./Asparagaceae	Worlds Solomon’s seal	Swat	Aerial parts	α-Bulnesene, Linalyl, acetate, eicosadienoic, docosane, pentacosane, piperitone	[83]
26	Psidium guajava L./Myrtaceae	Amrood	Mardan	Leaves	Terpenoids	[72]
27	Swertia chirata Roxb ex./Gentianaceae	Chirata	D. I. Khan	Seeds	Glycosides: Amarogentin, amaroswerin, sweroside	[69]
28	Swertia paniculataWall./Gentianaceae	Momera	Allaivalley	Whole plant	NA	[80]
29	Tagete sminuta L./Compositae(= Asteraceae)	Marigold	Northern areas, Abbotabad	Seeds	Terpenoids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids	[45, 84]
30	Viburnum nervosumD. Don/Caprifoliaceae (= Adoxaceae)	NA	Azad Jammu Kashmir	Whole plant	Butilinol, oleanolic acid, butilinic acid, urosolic acid,α-amyrin, β-sitosterol	[85]
31	Vincetoxicum stocksii Ali &Khatoon/Apocynaceae (= Asclepiadaceae)	NA	Quetta	Whole plant	NA	[48]
32	Viola odorata L./Violaceae	Banafsha	Maradori valley	Whole plant	NA	[73]
33	Xanthium strumarium L./Compositae (= Asteraceae)	Desi Arinad	Allai valley	Leaves	NA	[80]

NA indicates data not available