Figure 2.

Confocal microscopy of C. jejuni biofilms under aerobic conditions in the absence (A) and presence (B) of an antioxidant. Biofilms were stained with SYTO9 and propidium iodine (Life Technologies) for live (i.e., green) and dead (i.e., red) cells, respectively. N-acetylcysteine was used at 1 nM for the biofilm samples in panel B. C. jejuni developed mature biofilms under aerobic conditions. An antioxidant treatment delayed biofilm formation under aerobic conditions in C. jejuni. Microcolonies were observed in 12 h, and mature biofilms were developed in 24 h. Exemplary microcolonies and dispersed cells are indicated with white and yellow arrows, respectively. The biofilms were detected with an Olympus IX-81 motorized microscope base system. The experiment was repeated 3 times, and similar results were observed in all the experiments.