Table 1.
Distribution and clonal lineages of S. aureus detected in animals in the African continent.
| Country | Tested Animals | Animals from Which S. aureus Was Detected | Detection of MRSA | Animals from Which MRSA Was Detected | Sampling Date | Healthy/Sick | Samples | Lineages of MRSA | Lineages of MSSA b | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Côte d’Ivoire | Domestic and wild animals | Goats, cats, dogs, sheep, poultry, primates | yes | Sheep | 2010–2013 | Healthy | Nasal and pharyngeal | CC88 | CC5, CC6, CC8, CC15, CC121, CC152, ST567, ST1472, ST2946, among others | [17] |
| Primates | Chimpanzees | no | - | 2007–2012 | Healthy | Mucosal, feces, oral, genital, fruit wedges | - | CC1, CC45, ST601, ST1928, ST2603, ST2621 | [18] | |
| Primates | Monkeys | no | - | - | Healthy | Nasal and fruit wedges | - | CC1, CC9, CC45, ST601, ST1782, ST1928, ST2023, ST2058, ST2059, ST2072, ST2603, ST2621 | [19] | |
| Democratic Republic of Congo | Domestic and wild animals | Civet, primates | no | - | 2010–2013 | Healthy | Nasal and pharyngeal | - | CC5, ST2473-ST2478, among others | [17] |
| Egypt | Dogs and cats | Dogs | yes | Dogs | - | Healthy and sick | Nasal, oral, ear, wound | HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA | - | [20] |
| Cattle, dogs, buffaloes, poultry | Cattle, dogs, buffaloes, poultry | yes | No specified | - | Sick | Milk, wounds, abscesses, internal organs, urine and nasal | ND a | - | [21] | |
| Gabon | Primates | Gorillas, chimpanzees | no | - | 2011 | Healthy and sick | Nasal, oral, vaginal, rectal | - | CC72, CC101 | [22] |
| Primates | Monkeys, gorillas, chimpanzees | no | - | - | Healthy | Nasal and fruit wedges | - | CC1, CC80, ST1851-ST1854, ST1856, ST1857, ST1872 ST1874, ST1928, ST2022, ST2023, ST2067, ST2071, ST2074 | [19] | |
| Domestic and wild animals | Sheep, primates | no | - | 2010–2013 | Healthy | Nasal and pharyngeal | - | CC101, CC80, ST1838, ST1851-ST1854, ST1857, ST1872-ST1874, ST1925, ST2022, ST2067, ST2071, ST2074, ST2295, ST2296, ST2721, among others | [17] | |
| Madagascar | Primates | Lemurs | no | - | 2007–2012 | Healthy | Mucosal, feces, oral, genital, fruit wedges | - | CC1, CC182, CC188, ST2435, ST2436 | [18] |
| Nigeria | Dogs, cats, chickens, pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats | Dogs, cats, chickens, pigs, horses, sheep, cattle, goats | - | - | - | Healthy and sick | Skin lesions, nasal, cloacal, milk | - | - | [23] |
| Bats | Bats | no | - | 2008–2010 | Healthy | Fecal | - | CC15, ST1725-ST1727, ST2463-ST2467, ST2470 | [24] | |
| Camels, sheep, cattle, goats | Camels, sheep, cattle, goats | yes | Camels, sheep, cattle, goats | 2012 | Healthy | Nasal and milk | ND | - | [25] | |
| Chickens | Chickens | no | - | - | Healthy | - | - | - | [26] | |
| Senegal | Pigs | Pigs | yes | Pigs | 2009–2011 | Healthy | Nasal | CC5, CC88 | CC1, CC5, CC8, CC15, CC72, CC97, CC121, CC152 | [27] |
| South Africa | Pigs, cattle, goats, chickens | Pigs | yes | Pigs | - | Healthy | Nasal, mouth wash, ear | ND | - | [28] |
| Chimpanzees | Chimpanzees | no | - | 2007, 2010, 2011 | Healthy | Nasal and oral | - | CC15, CC6, CC30, CC80, CC101 | [29] | |
| Cattle and pigs | Cattle and pigs | yes | Cattle and pigs | - | Healthy | Rump, flank, brisket, neck | ND | - | [30] | |
| Sudan | Sheep | Sheep | no | - | 2007–2008 | Sick | Abscesses | - | ST1464 | [31] |
| Sheep | Sheep | no | - | 2003–2005 | Sick | Pus samples | - | - | [32] | |
| Horse | Horse | yes | Horse | - | Sick | Lungs and peritoneum | ND | - | [33] | |
| Tunisia | Sheep | Sheep | yes | Sheep | 2010 | Healthy | Nasal | CC80 | CC8, CC130, CC522, ST1476, ST2076 | [34] |
| Donkeys | Donkeys | no | - | 2010 | Healthy | Nasal | - | CC1, CC6, CC7, CC15, CC22, CC72, CC133, CC522 | [35] | |
| Cattle, goats, dogs, cats | Cattle, goats, dogs, cats | no | - | 2010–2011 | Healthy | Nasal | - | CC6, CC15, CC30, CC45, CC130, CC133, CC188, CC522 | [36] | |
| Uganda | Chimpanzees | Chimpanzees | no | - | 2007, 2010, 2011 | Healthy | Nasal and oral | - | CC15, CC6, CC30, CC80, CC101 | [29] |
| Primates | Chimpanzees | no | - | 2007–2012 | Healthy | Mucosal, feces, oral, genital, fruit wedges | - | CC6, CC9, CC15, CC30, CC80, CC152, CC188 | [18] | |
| Zambia | Zebra | Zebra | - | - | Sick | Tissue | - | - | [37] | |
| Chimpanzees | Chimpanzees | no | - | 2007, 2010, 2011 | Healthy | Nasal and oral | - | CC15, CC6, CC30, CC80, CC101 | [29] | |
| Dogs and cats | Dogs | no | - | 2012 | Sick | Skin, ear, wound | - | CC398, CC5, CC15, CC152 | [38] |
a ND, non-determined in the study. b The clonal complexes were determined by e-BURST when sequence types were indicated in the study and were presumptively assumed according to the spa-types when the sequences types were not indicated in the study. Sequence Types instead of Clonal Complexes were indicated when they were not enclosed in any Clonal Complexes.