Figure 5.
Suggested algorithm for observation and management of septal hematoma after retrograde CTO-PCI. ‡Imaging can be performed with catheterization, contrast echocardiography (our preferred method), or perhaps cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. ∗Unstable includes hemodynamic compromise, continued symptoms, development of large shunt, persistent or recurrent life threatening arrhythmia, effusion, or tamponade.