Table 1. Modality ethogram, accompanying gesture types, signaller–recipient distance, rate and normalized degree (percentage of all connections chimpanzees had with others) across 132 chimpanzee dyads.
| Definition | Gesture types* | Gesture rate/dyad (overall range) | N degree (%)/dyad (overall range) | Mean ± SD distance between signaller and the recipient |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Visual gestures | ||||
| Gesture perception is possible only by looking at signaller | Arm beckon, Arm flap, Arm raise, Bob, Bow, Crouch, Crouch run, Crouch walk, Dangle, Forceful extend, Hand bend, Jump, Limp extend, Linear sweep, Lower head, Lunge, Present genitals, Present leg, Present mount, Present rump, Present torso, Rock, Roll over, Run stiff, Slap self, Sniff, Stationary stiff, Stiff extend, Stretched extend, Swagger bipedal, Swagger quadrupedal, Tip head, Touch self, Turn back, Turn head, Unilateral swing, Vertical extend, Walk stiff, Wipe | 1.56 (0–42.5) | 48 (9–100) | 3.03 ± 4.15 |
| Tactile gestures | ||||
| Gesture perception is possible via physical contact | Bite, Embrace, Grab, Hold hands, Kiss, Locomote tandem, Pull another, Push by hand, Push by rump, Rub, Shake limb, Slide, Stand tandem, Stroke by mouth, Tap another, Thrust genitals, Tickle, Touch backhand, Touch innerhand, Touch long | 0.34 (0–21.17) | 18 (0–64) | 1.76 ± 3.46 |
| Auditory short-range gestures | ||||
| Sounds produced by the gesture can be heard within short distance from the signaller up to 10 meters | Clip by mouth, Smack lip, Tap object | 0.4 (0–23.12) | 18 (0–36) | 0.19 ± 0.74 |
| Auditory long-range gestures | ||||
| Sounds produced are audible at a distance of more than 10 meters away from the recipient | Beat, Bounce, Drum, Knock, Pound, Shake mobile, Shake stationary, Stamp quadrupedal, Stamp sitting, Sway, Swing | 0.4 (0–15) | 27 (0–55) | 5.47 ± 3.04 |
*Description and video footage of gesture types can be found in Roberts A.I., Roberts S.G.B., Vick S.-J. 2014 The repertoire and intentionality of gestural communication in wild chimpanzees. Animal Cognition 17, 317–336 and Roberts A.I., Vick S.-J., Roberts S.G.B., Buchanan-Smith H.M., Zuberbühler K. 2012 A structure-based repertoire of manual gestures in wild chimpanzees: statistical analyses of a graded communication system. Evolution and Human Behavior 33(5), 578–589.