Table 3. Contextual predictors of rates of gestural communication between focal chimpanzees, per hour spent in close proximity (within 10 m).

Rate of gestural communication	Standardized coefficient	Standard error	P
Long-range auditory gestures
Threat to dominate	0.479	0.594	0.009
Other threat	0.368	0.294	0.001
Travel	0.037	0.276	0.046
Copulation	0.103	0.093	0.005
Reassurance	−0.367	0.530	0.043
Gesture to receive groom	−0.171	0.175	0.018
Pant-hoot	0.866	0.128	0.001
Short-range auditory gestures
Threat to dominate	0.240	0.423	0.008
Other threat	−0.025	0.190	0.043
Copulation	0.017	0.074	0.046
Reassurance	−0.172	0.372	0.044
Greeting	0.042	0.053	0.007
Gesture to give groom	0.985	0.136	0.001
Play	−0.101	0.036	0.001
Tactile gestures
Threat to dominate	−0.106	0.290	0.039
Reassurance	0.486	0.298	0.001
Greeting	0.113	0.071	0.001
Gesture to give groom	0.035	0.020	0.024
Play	0.875	0.104	0.001
Visual gestures
Threat to dominate	0.205	1.011	0.014
Food sharing	0.017	5.125	0.043
Other threat	0.142	0.472	0.008
Travel	0.087	0.485	0.012
Copulation	0.152	0.209	0.008
Greeting	0.201	0.261	0.001
Gesture to mutually groom	0.373	1.367	0.032
Gesture to receive groom	0.138	0.307	0.015
Play	0.079	0.086	0.011
Pant-hoot	0.477	0.181	0.001

Only significant predictors are shown in this table with full models presented in SI, Tables S3–S6.