Table 2. Peak attribution of the main marked metabolites in ¹H-NMR spectra of plasma samples.

Key	Metabolites	Moieties	δ1H/ppm and multiplicity/Hz	Key	Metabolites	Moieties	δ1H/ppm and multiplicity/Hz
1	2-OH-butyrate	γCH3	0.90 (t, 7.47)	17	Isoleucine	δCH3 γ’CH3	0.94 (t, 7.4) 1.02 (d, 7.0)
2	3-OH-butyrate	γCH3 αCH	1.20 (d, 6.60) 4.15 (m)	18	Lactate	βCH3 αCH	1.33 (d, 6.9) 4.12 (q, 6.9)
3	Acetate	βCH3	1.93 (s)	19	Leucine	δCH3 αCH2	0.96 (d) 3.73 (m)
4	Acetoacetate	CH3 CH	2.28 (s) 3.48 (s)	20	Lipids	CH3 (CH2)n	0.84 (t) 1.28 (m)
5	Alanine	βCH3 CH	1.48 (d, 7.3) 3.77 (m)	21	Methionine	γCH2 S-CH3	2.62 (t, 7.58) 2.14 (s)
6	Betaine	N(CH3)3 CH2	3.27 (m) 3.89 (s)	22	Methylamine	CH3	2.61 (s)
7	Carnitine	N(CH3)3	3.21 (s)	23	Methanol	CH3	3.36 (s)
8	Choline	N(CH3)3	3.20 (s)	24	N-acetyl-glycoproteins	CH3	2.04 (s)
9	Citrate	Half CH2 Half CH2	2.54 (d, 16.1) 2.65 (d, 16.2)	25	Phosphatidylcholine	N(CH3)3	3.22 (s)
10	Creatine	N-CH3 CH2	3.93 (s) 3.04 (s)	26	Phenylalanine	2 and 6-CH 3 and 5-CH	7.33 (m) 7.42 (m)
11	Cysteine	CH CH2	3.97 (dd) 3.06 (m)	27	Proline	αCH2 βCH2	1.99 (m) 2.34 (m)
12	Glutamine	αCH βCH2	2.16 (m) 2.45 (m)	28	Pyruvate	CH3	2.38 (m)
13	Glutamate	βCH2 γCH2	2.07 (m) 2.35 (m)	29	Trimethylamine oxide	CH3	3.26 (m)
14	Glycine	αCH2	3.57 (s)	30	Tyrosine	3 and 5-CH 2 and 6-CH	6.90 (m) 7.19 (m)
15	glycerol	CH2 CH	3.67 (m) 3.78 (m)	31	Valine	γCH3 γ’CH3	0.99 (d, 7.1) 1.05 (d, 7.0)
16	Histidine	2-CH 4-CH	7.68 (s) 7.10 (s)	32	Glucose	C1H	5.22 (d, 3.7) 4.64 (d, 8.0)

^as: singlet, d: doublet, t: triplet, q: quartet, m: multiplet, dd: doublet of doublet.