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. 2016 Sep 21;3:16046. doi: 10.1038/hortres.2016.46

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Copyright © 2016 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Potential mechanisms of action for 1,4-NQs. Plant 1,4-NQ redox cycling may lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can oxidize certain cellular macromolecules. The quinone and/or semiquinone forms of plant 1,4-NQs can react with nucleophiles to form adducts.