Table 1.
Characteristics of Cohort
| Entire sample (N = 410) | White/Asian (n = 89) | Hispanic (n = 112) | Black (N = 209) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 27.2 ± 6.5 | 29.0 ± 5.7 | 28.0 ± 7.0 | 26.1 ± 6.3 | <0.001 |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||
| White/Asian (non-Hispanic) | 89 (21.7%) | ||||
| Hispanic | 112 (27.3%) | ||||
| Black (non-Hispanic) | 209 (51.0%) | ||||
| WIC eligible | 299 (72.9%) | 33 (37.1%) | 90 (80.4%) | 176 (84.2%) | <0.001 |
| Maternal education | <0.001 | ||||
| Less than high school | 69 (16.8%) | 8 (9.0%) | 40 (35.7%) | 21 (10.0%) | |
| High school complete | 110 (26.8%) | 16 (18.0%) | 32 (28.6%) | 62 (29.7%) | |
| Some college or trade school | 153 (37.3%) | 31 (34.8%) | 26 (23.2%) | 96 (45.9%) | |
| Completed 4 years of college | 78 (19.0%) | 34 (38.2%) | 14 (12.5%) | 30 (14.4%) | |
| Infant characteristics | |||||
| Female | 190 (46.3%) | 40 (44.9%) | 53 (47.3%) | 97 (46.4%) | 0.945 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 27.7 ± 2.5 | 28.2 ± 2.4 | 28.0 ± 2.4 | 0.373 |
| Birthweight (g) | 1045 ± 255 | 1009 ± 242 | 1107 ± 250 | 1027 ± 258 | 0.009 |
| Length of NICU hospitalization (days) | 72.7 ± 35.4 | 77.3 ± 33.6 | 67.6 ± 30.6 | 73.4 ± 38.3 | 0.143 |
| Geospatial factors | |||||
| Neighborhood concentrated disadvantage (z-score) | 0.8 ± 1.3 | −0.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Neighborhood violent crime rate (incidents per 100,000 residents) | 499 ± 522 | 205 ± 226 | 331 ± 256 | 714 ± 617 | <0.001 |
| Distance to nearest WIC office (miles) | 2.1 ± 2.1 | 4.3 ± 3.0 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| Distance to nearest breastfeeding support (miles) | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 5.3 ± 5.3 | 4.0 ± 2.4 | 4.1 ± 2.9 | 0.008 |
| Distance to RUMC (miles) | 16.4 ± 11.5 | 24.3 ± 13.2 | 13.5 ± 10.7 | 14.6 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
| Access to a car | 313 (76.3%) | 71 (79.8%) | 97 (86.6%) | 145 (69.4%) | 0.001 |
| Dependent variable | |||||
| HM continuation at NICU discharge | 136 (33.2%) | 38 (42.7%) | 49 (43.8%) | 49 (23.4%) | <0.001 |
Data reflect n (%) or mean ± SD. Neighborhood Concentrated Disadvantage values reflect z scores compared to the average level of concentrated disadvantage in the United States.
Bold values indicate p < 0.05.
HM, human milk; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; RUMC, Rush University Medical Center; SD, standard deviation; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.