Table 2.
Unadjusted Means of Cognitive and Noncognitive Skills by CPC Preschool Participation
| Total mean (N = 1,539) |
Preschool group (N = 989) |
Comparison group (N= 550) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive skills/school achievement | ||||
| ITBS kindergarten cognitive readiness (age 5) | 47.40 | 49.14 | 44.26 | .000 |
| ITBS kindergarten word analysis skills (age 6) | 63.75 | 65.87 | 59.91 | .000 |
| ITBS Kindergarten math scores (age 6) | 62.28 | 64.15 | 58.86 | .000 |
| ITBS reading scores (age 12) | 123.86 | 125.42 | 120.78 | .000 |
| ITBS math scores (age 12) | 128.79 | 130.41 | 125.57 | .000 |
| ITBS reading scores (age 14) | 144.73 | 147.05 | 140.31 | .000 |
| ITBS math scores (age 14) | 147.32 | 149.24 | 143.68 | .000 |
| Any retention (ages 6–14), % | 28.34 | 24.58 | 35.33 | .000 |
| Any learning disability special edu (ages 7–18), % | 9.08 | 7.04 | 12.86 | .001 |
| Noncognitive skills | ||||
| Classroom adjustment (ages 7–9) | 19.11 | 19.58 | 18.26 | .000 |
| Classroom adjustment (ages 10–12) | 18.72 | 19.08 | 18.07 | .001 |
| Classroom adjustment (ages 9–12) | 18.78 | 19.11 | 18.16 | .000 |
| Perceived competence (ages 9–10) | 0.00 | .040 | −.08 | .056 |
| Perceived competence (ages 9–12) | 0.00 | .037 | −.069 | .067 |
| Intrinsic Motivation to Learn (ages 9–12) | .004 | .0188 | −.0239 | .337 |
| Troublemaking behavior (ages 9–12) | .022 | −.019 | .100 | .009 |
| TCRS Acting out behavior (ages 12–13) | 16.82 | 15.04 | 20.28 | .037 |
| TCRS Assertive social skills (ages 12–13) | 15.46 | 15.67 | 15.04 | .025 |
| TCRS Peer social skills (ages 12–13) | 16.69 | 16.97 | 16.14 | .006 |
| TCRS Task orientation (ages 12–13) | 14.37 | 14.73 | 13.68 | .002 |
| Student expects to go to college (ages 10–15) | 80.57 | 82.08 | 77.61 | .072 |
| School commitment (ages 11–15) | 50.67 | 51.06 | 49.93 | .001 |
| Any official delinquency, % | 20.91 | 17.89 | 26.47 | .000 |
| Parent participation average or above (ages 7–12) | 1.96 | 2.12 | 1.65 | .000 |
Note. Sample sizes are from the original study sample. Sample sizes for high school completion, highest grade completed, and incarceration were, respectively, 1,372 (892 and 480), 1,368 (889 and 479), and 1,413 (913 and 500).