Table 1.
Characteristics of cases and controls and their univariate associations with liver cancer, CPRD
| Cases (n = 1195)
|
Controls (n = 4640)
|
Univariate ORa
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI) | |
| Index yearb | |||||
| 1991–1994 | 59 | 4.9 | 230 | 5.0 | - |
| 1995–1999 | 140 | 11.7 | 546 | 11.8 | – |
| 2000–2004 | 306 | 25.6 | 1190 | 25.6 | - |
| 2005–2010 | 690 | 57.7 | 2674 | 57.6 | - |
| Age at index (years)b | |||||
| < 40 | 28 | 2.3 | 112 | 2.4 | - |
| 40 – 49 | 63 | 5.3 | 252 | 5.4 | - |
| 50 – 59 | 217 | 18.2 | 850 | 18.3 | - |
| 60 – 69 | 304 | 25.4 | 1188 | 25.6 | - |
| 70 – 79 | 407 | 34.1 | 1591 | 34.3 | - |
| 80 – 89 | 176 | 14.7 | 647 | 13.9 | - |
| Mean ± SD | 67.2 ± 12.1 | 67.0 ± 12.1 | - | ||
| Sexb | |||||
| Male | 856 | 71.6 | 3322 | 71.6 | - |
| Female | 339 | 28.4 | 1318 | 28.4 | - |
| Length of history before index date (years)b | |||||
| Mean ± SD | 10.9 ± 5.3 | 11.1 ± 5.3 | - | ||
| BMI | |||||
| < 18.5 (Underweight) | 20 | 1.7 | 52 | 1.1 | 1.62 (0.94–2.80) |
| 18.5 – 24.9 (Normal) | 308 | 25.8 | 1302 | 28.1 | 1.00 (ref) |
| 25.0 – 29.9 (Overweight) | 372 | 31.1 | 1609 | 34.7 | 0.99 (0.84–1.17) |
| 30.0+ (Obese) | 320 | 26.8 | 817 | 17.6 | 1.73 (1.44–2.07) |
| Unknown | 175 | 14.6 | 860 | 18.5 | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) |
| Mean ± SD | 27.7 ± 5.3 | 27.0 ± 4.8 | - | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Non smoker | 384 | 32.1 | 1942 | 41.9 | 1.00 (ref) |
| Current smoker | 304 | 25.4 | 815 | 17.6 | 1.98 (1.65–2.36) |
| Former smoker | 425 | 35.6 | 1458 | 31.4 | 1.56 (1.32–1.84) |
| Unknown | 82 | 6.9 | 425 | 9.2 | 0.86 (0.63–1.16) |
| Alcoholism | 189 | 15.8 | 189 | 4.1 | 5.28 (4.16–6.70) |
| HBV and/or HCV infection | 74 | 6.2 | 5 | 0.1 | 70.2 (25.7–192) |
| Chronic liver disease | 170 | 14.2 | 23 | 0.5 | 32.8 (20.6–52.1) |
| Rare metabolic disordersc | 26 | 2.2 | 9 | 0.2 | 12.5 (5.65–27.7) |
| Diabetes | 346 | 29.0 | 463 | 10.0 | 3.85 (3.27–4.55) |
| Type 1 | 36 | 3.0 | 31 | 0.7 | 5.76 (3.46–9.58) |
| Type 2 | 265 | 22.2 | 398 | 8.6 | 3.44 (2.87–4.13) |
| Type Unspecified | 45 | 3.8 | 34 | 0.7 | 6.34 (3.97–10.1) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 210 | 17.6 | 775 | 16.7 | 1.07 (0.90–1.28) |
| Hypertension | 512 | 42.9 | 1701 | 36.7 | 1.34 (1.17–1.54) |
| Congestive heart failure | 77 | 6.4 | 223 | 4.8 | 1.39 (1.05–1.83) |
| Stroke | 66 | 5.5 | 203 | 4.4 | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) |
| Transient ischemic attack | 51 | 4.3 | 171 | 3.7 | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) |
| Dyslipidemia | 157 | 13.1 | 718 | 15.5 | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) |
| Statin use (2+ prescriptions) | 302 | 25.3 | 1242 | 26.8 | 0.91 (0.77–1.07) |
| Antidiabetic medication use (2+ prescriptions) | 208 | 17.4 | 277 | 6.0 | 3.47 (2.84–4.24) |
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; CPRD = Clinical Practice Research Datalink; HBV = hepatitis B virus; HCV = hepatitis C virus; OR = odds ratio; SD = standard deviation.
a
Using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.
b
Matching variables.
c
Rare metabolic disorders include haemachromatosis, Wilson Disease, porphyrias, and alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.