Table 2.

Association of NSAID use with liver cancer risk, CPRD

		Cases (n = 1195) No.	Controls (n = 4640) No.	Crude OR (95% CI)a	Adjusted OR (95% CI)b
NSAID use
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
2+ prescriptions		757	2754	1.24 (1.08–1.43)	1.05 (0.88–1.24)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		297	1158	1.15 (0.97–1.37)	1.01 (0.83–1.23)
10–19		139	432	1.46 (1.17–1.83)	1.30 (1.00–1.69)
20–39		126	481	1.20 (0.96–1.52)	0.97 (0.74–1.27)
≥40		195	683	1.33 (1.07–1.65)	1.00 (0.77–1.31)
	Ptrend			0.03	0.81
Recency of NSAID use
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Current NSAID use		449	1701	1.19 (1.01–1.39)	0.98 (0.81–1.18)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		96	408	1.03 (0.81–1.32)	0.86 (0.65–1.14)
10–19		85	300	1.28 (0.98––1.67)	1.21 (0.89–1.64)
20–39		97	382	1.18 (0.91–1.52)	0.94 (0.70–1.27)
≥ 40		171	611	1.32 (1.06–1.66)	1.01 (0.77–1.33)
	Ptrend			0.04	0.89
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
Past NSAID use		308	1053	1.33 (1.12–1.59)	1.15 (0.94–1.40)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		201	750	1.24 (1.02–1.50)	1.11 (0.89–1.39)
10–19		54	132	1.93 (1.37–2.71)	1.51 (1.02–2.23)
20–39		29	99	1.36 (0.88–2.10)	1.09 (0.68–1.77)
≥ 40		24	72	1.60 (0.98–2.61)	1.06 (0.61–1.87)
	Ptrend			0.04	0.95
Intensity of NSAID use
Time between first and last prescription: <2 years
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
2+ prescriptions		143	484	1.30 (1.05–1.61)	1.16 (0.91–1.48)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		122	417	1.30 (1.03–1.63)	1.18 (0.91–1.52)
10–19		17	54	1.39 (0.79–2.43)	1.10 (0.57–2.10)
20–39		4	13	1.38 (0.43–4.39)	1.19 (0.34–4.18)
≥ 40		0	0	NA	NA
	Ptrend			0.08	0.35
Time between first and last prescription: 2–5 years
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
2+ prescriptions		170	579	1.30 (1.06–1.59)	1.15 (0.91–1.45)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		69	284	1.07 (0.80–1.43)	0.90 (0.65–1.25)
10–19		43	119	1.62 (1.12–2.35)	1.66 (1.10–2.51)
20–39		42	123	1.55 (1.07–2.24)	1.32 (0.86–2.00)
≥40		16	53	1.33 (0.74–2.38)	1.16 (0.60–2.22)
	Ptrend			0.02	0.24
Time between first and last prescription: >5 years
0–1 prescriptions		438	1886	1.00 (Ref)	1.00 (Ref)
2+ prescriptions		444	1691	1.19 (1.00–1.41)	0.92 (0.75–1.14)
No. of prescriptions
2–9		106	457	1.05 (0.82–1.35)	0.88 (0.66–1.17)
10–19		79	259	1.38 (1.04–1.83)	1.14 (0.82–1.58)
20–39		80	345	1.05 (0.80–1.39)	0.81 (0.58–1.11)
≥40		179	630	1.31 (1.04–1.64)	0.95 (0.72–1.25)
	Ptrend			0.03	0.80

Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; CPRD = Clinical Practice Research Datalink; OR = odds ratio.

^aUsing conditional logistic regression to account for matching.

^bUsing conditional logistic regression to account for matching, and additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, alcohol-related disorders, hepatitis B or C virus infection, diabetes, rare metabolic disorders, and use of paracetamol, antidiabetic medications, and statins.