Table 3.
Associations of NSAID subtypes with liver cancer risk, CPRD
| Cases (n = 1195) No. |
Controls (n = 4640) No. |
Crude OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 prescriptions of NSAIDs | 438 | 1886 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Aspirin | 376 | 1294 | 1.35 (1.11–1.65) | 1.11 (0.86–1.44) |
| COX–2 inhibitors (Coxibs) | 68 | 245 | 1.42 (0.92–2.19) | 0.98 (0.55–1.72) |
| Rofecoxib | 35 | 119 | 1.13 (0.64–2.02) | 0.84 (0.41–1.71) |
| Celecoxib | 34 | 103 | 2.11 (1.12–3.97) | 1.61 (0.74–3.53) |
| Etoricoxib | 11 | 46 | 3.89 (1.16–13.1) | 2.33 (0.38–14.3) |
| Propionic acid derivatives | 335 | 1238 | 1.18 (0.97–1.43) | 0.97 (0.76–1.24) |
| Ibuprofen | 255 | 933 | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 0.91 (0.70–1.20) |
| Naproxen | 82 | 307 | 1.10 (0.78–1.57) | 0.97 (0.63–1.49) |
| Ketoprofen | 11 | 51 | 0.68 (0.25–1.86) | 0.27 (0.07–0.99) |
| Tiaprofenic Acid | 8 | 22 | 1.55 (0.39–6.21) | 1.63 (0.31–8.48) |
| Fenamic acid derivatives | 12 | 47 | 1.23 (0.53–2.84) | 1.33 (0.52–3.39) |
| Mefenamic Acid | 12 | 46 | 1.23 (0.53–2.84) | 1.34 (0.52–3.42) |
| Acetic acid derivatives | 328 | 1162 | 1.16 (0.95–1.41) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) |
| Diclofenac | 281 | 1015 | 1.13 (0.91–1.39) | 0.83 (0.64–1.09) |
| Indomethacin | 47 | 120 | 1.30 (0.80–2.11) | 1.08 (0.60–1.92) |
| Etodolac | 5 | 40 | 0.72 (0.21–2.41) | 0.47 (0.13–1.70) |
| Nabumetone | 8 | 25 | 1.43 (0.34–5.93) | 0.79 (0.17–3.74) |
| Enolic acid (Oxicam) derivatives | 44 | 183 | 1.31 (0.80–2.13) | 0.97 (0.53–1.77) |
| Piroxicam | 16 | 72 | 0.77 (0.35–1.70) | 0.57 (0.23–1.43) |
| Meloxicam | 28 | 105 | 1.74 (0.94–3.21) | 1.31 (0.62–2.75) |
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; COX, cyclooxygenase; CPRD = Clinical Practice Research Datalink; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; OR = odds ratio.
a
Using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.
b
Using conditional logistic regression to account for matching, and additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, alcohol-related disorders, hepatitis B or C virus infection, diabetes, rare metabolic disorders, and use of paracetamol, antidiabetic medications, and statins.