Table 4.
Association of paracetamol use with liver cancer risk, CPRD
| Cases (n = 1195) No. |
Controls (n = 4640) No. |
Crude OR (95% CI)a | Adjusted OR (95% CI)b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paracetamol use | |||||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2+ prescriptions | 616 | 2030 | 1.46 (1.27–1.68) | 1.18 (1.00–1.39) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 267 | 1054 | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | 1.05 (0.87–1.27) | |
| 10–19 | 109 | 299 | 1.78 (1.39–2.28) | 1.39 (1.04–1.84) | |
| 20–39 | 87 | 281 | 1.56 (1.19–2.04) | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | |
| ≥40 | 153 | 396 | 2.03 (1.61–2.56) | 1.48 (1.13–1.93) | |
| Ptrend | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |||
| Recency of paracetamol use | |||||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Current paracetamol use | 403 | 1179 | 1.66 (1.42–1.95) | 1.30 (1.08–1.56) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 108 | 389 | 1.31 (1.03–1.66) | 1.09 (0.83–1.43) | |
| 10–19 | 78 | 199 | 1.90 (1.43–2.52) | 1.48 (1.07–2.04) | |
| 20–39 | 75 | 236 | 1.59 (1.20–2.12) | 1.23 (0.90–1.69) | |
| ≥40 | 142 | 355 | 2.09 (1.65–2.66) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99) | |
| Ptrend | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | |||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| Past paracetamol use | 213 | 851 | 1.20 (1.00–1.44) | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 159 | 665 | 1.15 (0.94–1.41) | 1.03 (0.82–1.29) | |
| 10–19 | 31 | 100 | 1.53 (1.01–2.33) | 1.19 (0.73–1.94) | |
| 20–39 | 12 | 45 | 1.39 (0.72–2.65) | 1.01 (0.48–2.12) | |
| ≥ 40 | 11 | 41 | 1.42 (0.72–2.81) | 1.06 (0.47–2.39) | |
| Ptrend | 0.21 | 0.79 | |||
| Intensity of paracetamol use | |||||
| Time between first and last prescription: <2 years | |||||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2+ prescriptions | 118 | 413 | 1.31 (1.05–1.65) | 1.15 (0.89–1.49) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 99 | 386 | 1.19 (0.94–1.52) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | |
| 10–19 | 15 | 24 | 2.85 (1.47–5.55) | 2.22 (1.03–4.74) | |
| 20–39 | 4 | 3 | 5.23 (1.15–23.7) | 4.47 (0.95–21.1) | |
| ≥ 40 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | |
| Ptrend | < 0.01 | 0.15 | |||
| Time between first and last prescription: 2–5 years | |||||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2+ prescriptions | 130 | 482 | 1.25 (1.00–1.56) | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 65 | 294 | 1.05 (0.79–1.40) | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | |
| 10–19 | 34 | 79 | 1.96 (1.28–2.99) | 1.64 (1.00–2.68) | |
| 20–39 | 20 | 82 | 1.19 (0.72–1.97) | 0.93 (0.54–1.60) | |
| ≥ 40 | 11 | 27 | 1.81 (0.87–3.73) | 1.11 (0.50–2.49) | |
| Ptrend | 0.05 | 0.69 | |||
| Time between first and last prescription: >5 years | |||||
| 0–1 prescriptions | 579 | 2610 | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | |
| 2+ prescriptions | 368 | 1135 | 1.67 (1.40–1.99) | 1.26 (1.03–1.54) | |
| No. of prescriptions | |||||
| 2–9 | 103 | 374 | 1.38 (1.07–1.77) | 1.09 (0.82–1.44) | |
| 10–19 | 60 | 196 | 1.55 (1.13–2.13) | 1.17 (0.82–1.68) | |
| 20–39 | 63 | 196 | 1.66 (1.22–2.28) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | |
| ≥ 40 | 142 | 369 | 2.05 (1.61–2.62) | 1.51 (1.14–2.00) | |
| Ptrend | < 0.01 | 0.01 | |||
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; CPRD = Clinical Practice Research Datalink; OR = odds ratio.
a
Using conditional logistic regression to account for matching.
b
Using conditional logistic regression to account for matching, and additionally adjusted for body mass index, smoking status, alcohol-related disorders, hepatitis B or C virus infection, diabetes, rare metabolic disorders, and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antidiabetic medications, and statins.