Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants by Treatment Group
| Sustained care (Intervention) N=680 | Standard care (Control) N=677 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Demographics | n | % | n | % |
| Age (mean years, SD) | 49.6 | 12.8 | 49.8 | 12.4 |
| Male sex | 348 | 51.2 | 341 | 50.4 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White non-Hispanic | 491 | 72.2 | 493 | 72.8 |
| Black non-Hispanic | 103 | 15.1 | 88 | 13.0 |
| Hispanic | 32 | 4.7 | 32 | 4.7 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 9 | 1.3 | 5 | 0.7 |
| Native American | 27 | 4.0 | 32 | 4.7 |
| Other/unknown | 18 | 2.6 | 27 | 3.9 |
| Education | ||||
| High school/GED or less | 353 | 51.9 | 326 | 48.2 |
| Some college | 225 | 33.1 | 256 | 37.8 |
| College graduate | 102 | 15.0 | 95 | 14.0 |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Commercial | 184 | 27.1 | 193 | 28.5 |
| Medicare | 207 | 30.4 | 217 | 32.1 |
| Medicaid | 196 | 28.8 | 188 | 27.8 |
| Other | 93 | 13.7 | 79 | 11.7 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 349 | 51.3 | 325 | 48.0 |
| Diabetes | 140 | 20.6 | 134 | 19.8 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 261 | 38.4 | 229 | 33.8 |
| Coronary heart disease | 187 | 27.5 | 182 | 26.9 |
| COPD | 138 | 20.3 | 155 | 22.9 |
| Stroke | 53 | 7.8 | 51 | 7.5 |
| Cancer a | 57 | 8.4 | 53 | 7.8 |
| Tobacco use | ||||
| Cigarettes per day (mean, SD) | 16.0 | 9.5 | 16.0 | 10.3 |
| Years smoked (mean, SD) | 30.5 | 13.8 | 30.0 | 13.6 |
| Time to first cigarette | ||||
| Within 30 minutes of awakening | 509 | 74.9 | 508 | 75.0 |
| >30 minutes | 170 | 25.0 | 167 | 24.7 |
| Past 30 day use of | ||||
| Non-cigarette tobacco product | 72 | 10.6 | 67 | 9.9 |
| Electronic cigarette | 141 | 20.7 | 149 | 22.0 |
| Quitting history and predictors | ||||
| Any past 24-hour quit attempt | 628 | 92.4 | 592 | 87.4 |
| Prior use of | ||||
| Nicotine replacement | 438 | 64.4 | 413 | 61.0 |
| Bupropion | 107 | 15.7 | 118 | 17.4 |
| Varenicline | 197 | 29.0 | 193 | 28.5 |
| Smoking counseling (in person or by telephone) | 103 | 15.1 | 106 | 15.7 |
| Live with smoker | 324 | 47.6 | 330 | 48.7 |
| Plan about smoking after hospital discharge | ||||
| Plan to stay quit | 328 | 48.2 | 327 | 48.3 |
| Plan to try to stay quit | 352 | 51.8 | 350 | 51.7 |
| Importance to quit now (0–4 scale) (mean, SD) | 3.9 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.5 |
| Confidence to resist urge to smoke (0–4)(mean, SD) | 3.1 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.0 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Depression symptoms (PHQ-2) b (mean, SD) | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-2) b (mean, SD) | 2.8 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.0 |
| Alcohol use (AUDIT-C)c (mean, SD) | 2.8 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
| Past year use of | ||||
| Marijuana | 180 | 26.5 | 158 | 23.3 |
| Drug other than alcohol, tobacco, or marijuana | 43 | 6.3 | 51 | 7.5 |
| Hospital course | ||||
| Length of stay (days) (median, IQR) | 4.0 | 3–7 | 5.0 | 3–7 |
| Primary discharge diagnosis | ||||
| Any smoking related disease d | 237 | 34.9 | 221 | 32.6 |
| ICD-9 groups | ||||
| Circulatory e | 205 | 30.1 | 193 | 28.5 |
| Digestive | 68 | 10.0 | 85 | 12.6 |
| Injury, poisoning | 76 | 11.2 | 76 | 11.2 |
| Respiratory | 64 | 9.4 | 70 | 10.3 |
| Musculoskeletal | 55 | 8.1 | 51 | 7.5 |
| Neoplasm | 30 | 4.4 | 14 | 2.1 |
| Signs, symptoms, ill-defined conditions | 63 | 9.3 | 71 | 10.5 |
| Other, missing | 119 | 17.5 | 117 | 17.3 |
Excludes nonmelanoma skin cancer.
PHQ-2 (2 depression symptoms, range 0–6). GAD-2 (2 anxiety symptoms, range 0–6). Higher values indicate more symptoms.
AUDIT-C (3 items, range, 0–12). Higher values indicate more alcohol use.
Smoking-related diseases are those specified in the 2014 U.S. Surgeon General’s Report. These include neoplasms (ICD-9 codes 140–151, 157, 161, 162, 180, 188, 189, 204–208), cardiovascular diseases (ICD-9 codes: 410–414, 390–398, 415–417, 420–429, 430–438, 440–448), respiratory diseases (ICD-9 480–492, 496), and perinatal conditions (ICD-9 765, 769, 798.0).
Circulatory includes cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. GED, General Educational Development; COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease