Table 3.
Frequency and distribution of depressive symptoms by exposure status among men
| Variable | Men | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (N) | Rural-urban migrants (N,%) |
Urban residents (N,%) | Rural residents (N,%) | P-value a | |
| Presence Of Individual Symptoms: b | |||||
| Decreased Interest Or Pleasure | 66 | 23 (9.5) | 8 (10.5) | 35 (23.3) | 0.001 |
| Depressed Mood | 35 | 14 (5.8) | 6 (7.9) | 15 (10.0) | 0.41 |
| Insomnia Or Hypersomnia | 44 | 18 (7.4) | 8 (10.5) | 18 (12.0) | 0.22 |
| Fatigue Or Loss Of Energy | 42 | 15 (6.2) | 9 (11.8) | 18 (12.0) | 0.05 |
| Poor Appetite Or Overeating | 37 | 11 (4.6) | 4 (5.3) | 22 (14.7) | 0.004 |
| Feelings Of Worthlessness Or Inappropriate Guilt | 15 | 4 (1.7) | 3 (3.9) | 8 (5.3) | 0.46 |
| Diminished Ability To Think Or Concentrate | 14 | 5 (2.1) | 2 (2.6) | 7 (4.7) | 0.30 |
| Psychomotor Retardation Or Agitation | 17 | 6 (2.5) | 3 (4.0) | 8 (5.3) | 0.16 |
| Thoughts Of Death Or Suicide Or Self-Harm | 10 | 2 (0.8) | 2 (2.6) | 6 (4.0) | 0.06 |
| Overall Severity Of Symptoms: | |||||
| None/Minimal Symptoms | 441 | 230 (95.0) | 73 (96.1) | 138 (92.0) | 0.24 |
| Mild To Severe Symptoms c | 27 | 12 (5.0) | 3 (3.9) | 12 (8.0) | |
| Presence Of Any Depressive Disorder d | 15 | 6 (2.5) | 1 (1.3) | 8 (5.3) | Na e |
| Total | 468 | 242 | 76 | 150 | |
a Evidence for a difference across exposure groups; P-values derived from likelihood ratio tests based on logistic regression with random effects to account for sib-pair correlations; age-adjusted
b according to the patient health questionnaire
c Including 3 men without current symptoms but on anti-depressant medication
d Including major depression and other depressive disorders
e Not applicable (scarcity of data)