Table 2. Distributions of parent involvement variables.
| Weighted % | P | BOY | GIRL | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Involvement score | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | - | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | - | |
| FATHER | |||||||||||||||
| Sharing at 9 mth | |||||||||||||||
| Feeding (A) | 0.7 | 76.6 | 20.6 | 0.8 | - | - | - | 2.0 | 77.4 | 19.6 | 0.9 | - | - | - | 2.1 |
| Nappies (A) | 0.2 | 67.8 | 29.5 | 1.2 | - | - | - | 1.6 | 69.6 | 27.5 | 1.0 | - | - | - | 1.9 |
| Looking after (A) | 0.4 | 62.0 | 36.1 | 0.9 | - | - | - | 1.0 | 62.6 | 35.3 | 0.7 | - | - | - | 1.4 |
| Feeding etc. at 9mth | |||||||||||||||
| Feeding (B) | 0.1 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 10.8 | 28.1 | 28.6 | 26.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 4.5 | 10.9 | 30.3 | 28.8 | 23.2 | 0.0 |
| Nappies (B) | 0.3 | 3.3 | 5.9 | 7.6 | 22.7 | 21.2 | 39.2 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 7.5 | 24.2 | 20.7 | 37.3 | 0.0 |
| Looking after (B) | 0.1 | 2.7 | 11.4 | 25.9 | 29.4 | 13.8 | 16.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 11.8 | 28.0 | 28.8 | 14.2 | 15.1 | 0.1 |
| Positive beliefs at 9mth | |||||||||||||||
| Regularity (C) | 0.7 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 34.0 | 59.6 | - | 1.6 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 34.1 | 59.0 | - | 1.6 |
| Stimulation (C) | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.7 | 24.8 | 70.4 | - | 2.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 2.5 | 25.5 | 70.2 | - | 1.7 |
| Talking (C) | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 15.7 | 82.5 | - | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 16.1 | 82.2 | - | 1.3 |
| Cuddling (C) | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 22.3 | 75.1 | - | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 21.6 | 75.8 | - | 1.3 |
| Fathering (C) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 4.1 | 38.9 | 54.2 | - | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 4.2 | 41.0 | 51.9 | - | 1.4 |
| Bedtime etc. at 3yr | |||||||||||||||
| Bedtime (B) | <0.001 | 3.1 | 6.3 | 15.5 | 49.9 | 24.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 3.8 | 6.7 | 19.4 | 48.8 | 20.7 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
| Reading (D) | 0.6 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 10.1 | 32.3 | 26.5 | 22.5 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 9.1 | 31.2 | 28.3 | 23.2 | 0.0 |
| Play (B) | <0.001 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 3.2 | 15.6 | 36.5 | 44.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 5.3 | 17.4 | 36.9 | 39.9 | 0.0 |
| Bedtime etc. at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Bedtime (D) | 0.003 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 5.0 | 21.0 | 48.2 | 20.7 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 4.9 | 23.6 | 48.1 | 16.7 | 0.2 |
| Reading (D) | 0.8 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 10.2 | 32.8 | 34.7 | 15.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 10.6 | 33.1 | 34.1 | 15.4 | 0.1 |
| Looking after at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Looking after (D) | <0.001 | 1.5 | 5.8 | 18.7 | 37.0 | 29.4 | 7.7 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 8.7 | 20.3 | 37.4 | 25.2 | 6.7 | 0.1 |
| Active play at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Indoor toys (D) | <0.001 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 6.7 | 33.2 | 38.5 | 18.4 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 11.3 | 38.6 | 31.0 | 12.9 | 0.1 |
| Sports etc. (D) | <0.001 | 1.4 | 4.0 | 11.1 | 36.6 | 31.0 | 16.0 | 0.1 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 17.0 | 42.1 | 22.6 | 8.6 | 0.1 |
| Playground (D) | <0.001 | 2.4 | 12.1 | 33.7 | 41.4 | 8.9 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 13.2 | 39.3 | 36.1 | 6.8 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
| Creative play at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Art/making (D) | 0.06 | 5.8 | 16.7 | 29.9 | 34.7 | 10.2 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 6.0 | 17.2 | 30.0 | 31.5 | 12.2 | 3.1 | 0.1 |
| Music/dance (D) | <0.001 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 15.2 | 27.4 | 22.9 | 16.5 | 0.0 | 4.7 | 8.6 | 13.5 | 28.7 | 25.6 | 18.8 | 0.1 |
| Story-telling (D) | 0.6 | 11.3 | 18.3 | 19.5 | 26.7 | 15.4 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 11.9 | 18.2 | 20.6 | 25.2 | 15.8 | 8.1 | 0.1 |
| MOTHER | |||||||||||||||
| Positive beliefs at 9mth | |||||||||||||||
| Regularity (C) | 0.7 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 6.0 | 38.7 | 52.6 | - | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 6.5 | 39.3 | 51.5 | - | 0.7 |
| Stimulation (C) | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 29.4 | 66.6 | - | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 28.8 | 67.3 | - | 0.8 |
| Talking (C) | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 14.5 | 84.8 | - | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 15.1 | 84.0 | - | 0.5 |
| Cuddling (C) | 1.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 85.2 | - | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 13.8 | 84.9 | - | 0.5 |
| Fathering (C) | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.5 | 6.6 | 42.9 | 48.0 | - | 0.8 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 7.2 | 42.3 | 47.8 | - | 0.9 |
| Active play at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Indoor toys (D) | 0.2 | 1.2 | 4.0 | 8.6 | 32.4 | 33.3 | 20.6 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 3.0 | 9.6 | 33.9 | 31.6 | 20.9 | 0.0 |
| Sports etc. (D) | <0.001 | 6.0 | 13.4 | 18.1 | 36.8 | 19.2 | 6.6 | 0.0 | 5.8 | 13.6 | 22.0 | 38.8 | 15.6 | 4.3 | 0.0 |
| Playground (D) | 0.6 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 30.3 | 42.7 | 14.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 7.8 | 31.5 | 42.4 | 12.9 | 2.4 | 0.1 |
| Creative play at 5yr | |||||||||||||||
| Art/making (D) | <0.001 | 2.5 | 9.6 | 28.2 | 36.8 | 17.7 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 7.0 | 22.0 | 38.6 | 21.3 | 8.9 | 0.0 |
| Music/dance (D) | <0.001 | 2.0 | 4.7 | 9.8 | 23.2 | 27.5 | 32.8 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 6.7 | 22.0 | 31.0 | 37.5 | 0.0 |
| Story-telling (D) | 0.2 | 11.4 | 18.9 | 18.4 | 25.4 | 16.0 | 9.8 | 0.1 | 10.1 | 16.9 | 18.9 | 26.9 | 16.4 | 10.8 | 0.0 |
Weighted % of study population for analysis period. See Table 1 for wording of MCS interview questions. Involvement score: 0 = low, … 5 = high. (A) mother does most, equal, father does most; (B) never, <1/wk, 1-2/wk, 3-6/wk, 1/day, >1/day; (C) strongly disagree, disagree, neither, agree, strongly agree; (D) never, <1/mth, 1-2/mth, 1-2/wk, 3-6/wk, 1+/day. P, p-value from χ2 test for difference between boys and girls.