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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2016 Jul;1376(1):29–52. doi: 10.1111/nyas.13219

Regulation of the adaptive and innate immune pathways. (A) Adaptive immunity. 1,25(OH)2D, which is produced by dendritic cells, decreases the maturation and antigen presenting ability of dendritic cells and alters the profile of T helper cells that differentiate from the activated CD4 parent cell. In particular, 1,25(OH)2D reduces the formation of Th1, Th17, and Th9 cells, while promoting the differentiation of Th2 and Treg cells. The result is overall suppression of the adaptive immune pathway. (B) Innate immunity. Activation of selective Toll-like receptors (TLR1/2) by products of infectious organisms such as the lipopeptides from M. tuberculosis results in the induction of both the VDR and CYP27B1. In the presence of adequate substrate (25OHD), 1,25(OH)2D is produced that, in combination with the VDR, induces the formation of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin, whichi are capable of killing intracellular organisms like M. tuberculosis.

Regulation of the adaptive and innate immune pathways. (A) Adaptive immunity. 1,25(OH)2D, which is produced by dendritic cells, decreases the maturation and antigen presenting ability of dendritic cells and alters the profile of T helper cells that differentiate from the activated CD4 parent cell. In particular, 1,25(OH)2D reduces the formation of Th1, Th17, and Th9 cells, while promoting the differentiation of Th2 and Treg cells. The result is overall suppression of the adaptive immune pathway. (B) Innate immunity. Activation of selective Toll-like receptors (TLR1/2) by products of infectious organisms such as the lipopeptides from M. tuberculosis results in the induction of both the VDR and CYP27B1. In the presence of adequate substrate (25OHD), 1,25(OH)2D is produced that, in combination with the VDR, induces the formation of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin, whichi are capable of killing intracellular organisms like M. tuberculosis.