Table 1. Baseline clinical and laboratorial variables for all participants and according to urinary RBP tertiles.
| All | Tertile 1-uRBP | Tertile 2-uRBP | Tertile 3-uRBP | p | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 454 | n = 144 | n = 144 | n = 144 | ||||||
| Age (years; mean / std) | 67.5 | 11.9 | 67.5 | 12 | 67.8 | 11.3 | 66.5 | 12.4 | 0.64 |
| Sex (men; n / %) | 287 | 63.2% | 108 | 75% | 83 | 57.6% | 84 | 58.3% | 0.002 |
| Race (white; n/ %) | 300 | 66.1% | 90 | 62.5% | 97 | 67.8% | 98 | 69.5% | 0.42 |
| Hypertension (n/ %) | 409 | 90.1% | 131 | 91% | 125 | 87.4% | 135 | 93.8% | 0.18 |
| Diabetes (n/ %) | 208 | 45.8% | 53 | 36.8% | 72 | 50.3% | 76 | 53.1% | 0.04 |
| Acute myocardial infarction (n/ %) | 147 | 32.4% | 47 | 32.9% | 52 | 36.4% | 44 | 30.8% | 0.004 |
| Stroke (n/ %) | 73 | 16.1% | 27 | 19.1% | 30 | 21.4% | 15 | 10.8% | 0.09 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean / std) | 140 | 24.1 | 133.1 | 20.3 | 140.3 | 25.1 | 146.3 | 24.3 | <0,0001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg; mean / std) | 76.2 | 12.9 | 74.2 | 12.3 | 76.5 | 13.6 | 77.5 | 12.2 | 0.08 |
| Body-mass index (mean / std) | 29.4 | 5.4 | 30.3 | 6.5 | 29.1 | 4.6 | 29 | 5.1 | 0.11 |
| Potassium (mEq/L; mean / std) | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.6 | 0.5 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.001 |
| Urea (mg/dL; median/ IQR) | 69 | 54–89 | 63 | 50–89 | 64 | 51–79 | 80 | 63,5–97 | <0,0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL;median / IQR) | 1.7 | 1,4–2,1 | 1.6 | 1,3–1,9 | 1.5 | 1,3–1,8 | 2.1 | 1,7–2,6 | <0,0001 |
| Albuminuria (mg/g creat; median / IQR) | 80 | 15–640 | 17 | 11–119 | 61 | 21–310 | 654 | 94–1759 | <0,0001 |
| Urinary RBP (mg/g creat; median / IQR) | 0.29 | 0,08–1,47 | 0.05 | 0,03–0,08 | 0.29 | 0,18–0,42 | 3.09 | 1,47–10,69 | <0,0001 |
| CKD-EPI eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2 mean / std) | 38.4 | 14.6 | 42.5 | 15.7 | 43.0 | 13.6 | 29.5 | 10.7 | <0,0001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/dL; mean / std) | 3.6 | 0.6 | 3.6 | 0.7 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.6 | <0,0001 |
| Calcium (mg/dL; mean / std) | 9.6 | 0.6 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 9.6 | 0.5 | 9.5 | 0.6 | 0.16 |
| Parathormone (pg/mL; median / IQR) | 93 | 64–143 | 88 | 55–136 | 88 | 63,5–126 | 114 | 77–184 | 0.001 |
| Serum RBP (mg/L; median / IQR) | 66.1 | 55,2–79,8 | 63.3 | 51,1–77,6 | 60.5 | 53,9–78,3 | 75 | 62,1–85,7 | <0,0001 |
| Glycemia (mg/dL;median / IQR) | 104 | 95–126 | 102 | 95,0–120,5 | 108.5 | 94,5–129,5 | 107.5 | 92,5–136 | 0.69 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%; median / IQR) | 6.2 | 5,8–7,2 | 6.1 | 5,7–6,7 | 6.3 | 5,8–7,5 | 6.4 | 5,9–7,7 | 0.003 |
| OGTT (mg/dl; mean / std)* | 155 | 51.8 | 163 | 52.7 | 145.1 | 48.1 | 155.1 | 54.5 | 0.13 |
| HOMA-IR (mediana/ IQ)* | 3.4 | 2,3–5,8 | 4.2 | 2,4–6,5 | 2.9 | 2,2–5,0 | 2.8 | 2,2–5,3 | 0.02 |
| Insulinemia (μUI/mL; IQ) | 16.1 | 10,4–25,4 | 17.1 | 10,9–26,6 | 16.4 | 11,4–25,5 | 14.5 | 9,8–24,6 | 0.30 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL mean / std) | 168.6 | 39.9 | 161.9 | 35.3 | 169.8 | 42.6 | 173.6 | 41.7 | 0.04 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL; mean / std) | 91.4 | 32.2 | 89 | 28.4 | 90.3 | 35.4 | 93.9 | 33.1 | 0.42 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL; mean / std) | 46 | 14.3 | 42.9 | 10.8 | 47.2 | 17.6 | 47.7 | 13.7 | 0.007 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL; median / IQR) | 142 | 99–192 | 143 | 101,5–188 | 141 | 99,5–204 | 141 | 94,0–196,5 | 0.89 |
| Serum pH (mean / std) | 7.4 | 0.039 | 7.4 | 0.040 | 7.4 | 0.037 | 7.3 | 0.038 | <0,0001 |
| Bicarbonate (mmol/L; mean / std | 25.6 | 2.9 | 25.9 | 3.0 | 26.1 | 2.7 | 24.6 | 2.9 | <0,0001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL; mean / std) | 13.1 | 1.9 | 13.5 | 2.0 | 13.2 | 1.7 | 12.7 | 1.9 | 0.003 |
| Albumin (mg/dL; mean / std) | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.3 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 0.3 | 4.2 | 0.3 | 0.001 |
| Pulse wave velocity (cm/s; mean / std) | 12.8 | 3.0 | 12.1 | 3.1 | 12.5 | 2.8 | 13.6 | 2.8 | <0,0001 |
| Left atrium diameter (mm; mean / std) | 41.4 | 5.4 | 42.5 | 5.6 | 41.7 | 6.2 | 40.2 | 4.1 | 0.001 |
| Ejection fraction (median / IQR) | 0.7 | 0,6–0,7 | 0.62 | 0,53–0,69 | 0.67 | 0,58–0,70 | 0.67 | 0,6–0,70 | <0,0001 |
| Intima media thickness (mm; mean / std) | 0.75 | 0.20 | 0.77 | 0.24 | 0.73 | 0.19 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.13 |
| Agatston score (median / IQR) | 165 | 8–785 | 134 | 8–635 | 174 | 2–1002 | 166 | 2,5–786 | 0.76 |
| Agatston>100 (n/%) | 205 | 55.1% | 63 | 53.8% | 62 | 54.4% | 69 | 55.6% | 0.96 |
* calculated for participants without known diabetes