Table 1.

Summarized research results of Empowerment Scale

Author(s)	Measure	Methods	Subjects	Results
Mikky	44-Item Client Empowerment Scale	Principal component analysis	318 clients with various chronic health conditions	The 44 items were rescored on a five-point scale
Rogers et al.	28-Item Empowerment Scale	Principal components factor analysis	271 members of six self-help Programs	Five-factors: self-efficacy, power, community activism; righteous anger; and optimism and control over the future
Faulkner	100-Item Patient Empowerment/Disempowerment Scale	Frequency score	102 elderly patients	Offered as a means of identifying hospital environments which facilitate independence
Anderson et al.	28-Item Diabetes-Patient Empowerment Scale	Principal component analysis diabetes	375 and 229 diabetes patients	Three-factor solution accounts for 56 % of the total variance
Bulsara et al.	28-Item Patient Empowerment Scale	Rasch model analysis	100 cancer patients	Fitted the Rasch model with the exception of two items
Hansson and Bjorkman	28-Item Empowerment Scale	Confirmatory factor analysis	176 subjects with mental illness	Good construct validity; two-factors: self-esteem and activism and community and power
Kettunen et al.	43-Item Empowering-Speech Scale	Confirmatory factor analysis	127 counseling situations	Second-order two-factor solution explained 59 % of variation