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. 2016 Sep 22;7:424. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00424

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The activity of RVLM presympathetic neurons. Typical action potentials of two RVLM neurons (A,B) using intracellular recordings in brainstem slices of young adult rats (100–120 g), modified from Sun et al. (1988b, Copyright License Number: 3894201035959). The pacemaker activity of neurons is demonstrated by the resetting after a single spike and absence of detectable EPSPs. (C,D) Activity of RVLM neurons using intracellular recordings in anesthetized adult rats (380–500 g), modified from Lipski et al. (1996, Copyright License Number: 3894210262580). Synaptic activity and firing in RVLM neurons (membrane potential: −65 mV, C); Synaptic activity and firing during a continuous small polarizing current (−0.1 nA). Arrows indicate EPSPs initiating individual action potentials (D).