Table 3.
Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to psychological resources and risk factors
| Coping (n = 890 to 948), range 7–28 | Self-esteem (n = 890 to 947), range 0–40 | SOC (n = 904 to 962), range 13–91 | Ladder of life (n = 840 to 895), range 0–10 | Hopelessness (n = 904 to 963), range 0–8 | Vital exhaustion (n = 907 to 965), range 17–57 | CES-D (n = 884 to 963), range 0–60 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | β | p | |
| Sex (women vs. men) | −0.76 | 0.001 | −0.99 | 0.001 | −0.66 | 0.318 | −0.13 | 0.233 | 0.45 | <0.001 | 2.99 | <0.001 | 2.23 | <0.001 |
| Age (5-year categories) | −0.06 | 0.397 | −0.04 | 0.680 | 1.10 | <0.001 | 0.15 | <0.001 | 0.21 | <0.001 | −0.55 | 0.001 | −0.39 | 0.029 |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||||
| Smoking (yes/no) | −0.46 | 0.084 | −0.53 | 0.155 | −1.32 | 0.100 | −0.28 | 0.040 | 0.38 | 0.013 | 2.11 | <0.001 | 2.92 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol intake (three categories) | −0.20 | 0.275 | −0.28 | 0.271 | −1.81 | 0.001 | −0.13 | 0.141 | 0.03 | 0.738 | 0.85 | 0.032 | 0.65 | 0.117 |
| Fruit/vegetable intake (three categories) | 0.53 | 0.013 | 1.03 | <0.001 | 1.36 | 0.032 | 0.13 | 0.200 | −0.33 | 0.005 | −0.36 | 0.427 | −0.83 | 0.088 |
| Physical activity (three categories) | 0.45 | 0.068 | 0.32 | 0.353 | 1.81 | 0.018 | 0.25 | 0.038 | −0.52 | <0.001 | −1.60 | 0.003 | −1.39 | 0.012 |
| Physical factors | ||||||||||||||
| BMI (three categories) | −0.31 | 0.037 | −0.32 | 0.099 | −1.08 | 0.018 | −0.20 | 0.008 | 0.32 | <0.001 | 1.21 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.014 |
| SBP (SD 20 mm Hg) | −0.12 | 0.282 | −0.14 | 0.149 | 0.03 | 0.929 | 0.02 | 0.755 | 0.12 | 0.076 | −0.08 | 0.725 | −0.04 | 0.877 |
| DBP (SD 11 mm Hg) | −0.15 | 0.181 | −0.25 | 0.122 | −0.09 | 0.769 | −0.02 | 0.676 | 0.13 | 0.052 | 0.06 | 0.980 | 0.07 | 0.792 |
| LDL cholesterol (SD 0.87 mmol/L) | −0.09 | 0.423 | −0.10 | 0.499 | −0.09 | 0.794 | −0.04 | 0.411 | 0.00 | 0.962 | −0.10 | 0.672 | 0.11 | 0.665 |
| HDL cholesterol (SD 0.36 mmol/L) | 0.11 | 0.378 | 0.05 | 0.766 | 0.30 | 0.394 | 0.07 | 0.236 | −0.14 | 0.038 | −0.20 | 0.434 | −0.12 | 0.656 |
| Glucose (SD 1.2 mmol/L) | 0.20 | 0.071 | 0.28 | 0.068 | −0.05 | 0.872 | −0.06 | 0.295 | 0.05 | 0.473 | 0.34 | 0.150 | 0.03 | 0.915 |
| Inflammatory medical conditiona | −0.93 | 0.001 | −1.19 | 0.002 | −3.56 | <0.001 | −0.62 | <0.001 | 0.66 | <0.001 | 3.89 | <0.001 | 2.58 | <0.001 |
Regressions adjusted for age and sex. Βeta coefficient expressed as an increase of score in psychological instrument per dichotomy, category, or SD increment
SOC sense of coherence, CES-D Center of Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale
aDefined a priori as participants diagnosed with ACS, angina pectoris, stroke, COPD, cancer, asthma, allergy, peptic ulcer, rheumatic disease, fibromyalgia, and herniated disks at baseline