Table 3.
Results for the Absolute ECD distances and for the significant effects driving the dipole location along the medial-lateral, anterior-posterior, and inferior-superior dimensions.
| References | Sj | Language | Vowel | Absolute ECD Distance (d) | Med./Lat. | Ant./Post. | Inf./Sup. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eulitz et al., 1995 | 11 | Synthetic | [a, i, u, æ, œ] | – | – | – | – |
| Diesch and Luce, 1997 | 11 | Synthetic | [a, æ, u, ø, i] | – | F1 | – | – |
| Poeppel et al., 1997 | 6 | Synthetic | [a, i, u] | – | – | – | – |
| Mäkelä et al., 2003 | 10 | Finnish synthetic | [a-o-u] | [a-o] < (d) [a-u]—left hemisphere | – | F1 and F2 | – |
| Obleser et al., 2003a | 11 | German synthetic | [a-e-i] | [a-i] > (d) [e- < i] | – | – | F1 and Height |
| Shestakova et al., 2004 | 11 | Russian natural | [a-u-i] | [a-i], [a-u] > (d) [i-u] | – | – | F2-F1 |
| Eulitz et al., 2004 | 1 | German synthetic | [a-e-i] | [a-i] < (d) [e-i] | F2-F1 | – | – |
| Obleser et al., 2004a | 14 | German natural | [ø-o] | – | Place | – | – |
| Obleser et al., 2004b | 20 | German natural | [a-e-i-ø-y-o-u] | [e-i], [o-u] > (d) [e-i], [ø-y] [a-i] > (d) [e-i] | – | Place | – |
| Scharinger et al., 2011a | 12 | Turkish natural | [i-ɯ-ɛ-ɑ-y-œ-ɔ-u] | [a-œ] > (d) [a-o] [u-ɛ] > (d) [u-i] | F2 Round | Place | Round and Height in front vowels |
| Scharinger et al., 2012 | 14 | American English natural | [æ. ɛ, i] | [œ-i] > (d) [œ-ɛ] | – | Height | Height—left hemisphere |
| Kuriki et al., 1995 | 6 | Synthetic | [na], [ka], [ha], [a] | – | Onset of the low-amplitude high-frequency consonant | – | – |
| Obleser et al., 2003b | 16 | Natural German | [bø], [dø], [gø] [bo], [do], [go] | – | – | Place | – |
| Obleser et al., 2006 | 19 | German natural | [d], [t], [g], [k] | – | Place | Place | Place |
| Scharinger et al., 2011b, Experiment 1 | 13 | American English natural | [aja], [awa] | – | – | Place—Labial—(as deviant)–left hemisphere | – |
| Scharinger et al., 2011b, Experiment 2 | 15 | American English natural | [ava] [aʒa] | – | – | Place—Labial (as deviant and as standard)—left hemisphere | – |
| Scharinger et al., 2011b, Combined analysis Experiment 1 and 2 | [aja], [awa], [ava] [aʒa] | – | – | Place—Labial | – |
The labeled Sj reports the number of the subjects that were submitted to statistical analysis. The symbol (–) means that the results did not reach statistically significance. Empty cells in column labeled Absolute ECD distance (d), means that the study has not performed that kind of analysis. All studies listed report results from both hemispheres, unless otherwise noted.