Figure 1. The risk of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia according to the number of metabolic syndrome components.

Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses with adjusting for the following confounding factors: age, marital status, socio-economic status, smoking history, alcohol usage, physical activity, sexual activity, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-C, comorbidities which included diabetes, CVD, subclinical ischemic stroke and autoimmune disease, and the baseline BPH components measurements which included PV, Q_max, IPSS and serum PSA levels. Abbreviations: Ref = the reference category.