Table 1. Baseline characteristics grouped by metabolic syndrome status.
| Characteristics1 | Metabolic syndrome1 |
p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present (n = 258) | Absent (n = 872) | ||||
| Socio-demographics | |||||
| Age (year) | 54.0 (51.0, 58.0) | 52.0 (49.0, 57.0) | 0.0383 | ||
| Marital status | |||||
| married and living with spouse | 255 | 98.8% | 807 | 92.5% | 0.0084 |
| not married/widowed | 3 | 1.2% | 65 | 7.5% | |
| Socio-economic status | |||||
| lower 25% of the distribution | 14 | 5.4% | 180 | 20.6% | <0.0014 |
| middle 50% of the distribution | 153 | 59.3% | 457 | 52.4% | |
| upper 25% of the distribution | 91 | 35.3% | 235 | 27.0% | |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| never | 5 | 1.9% | 15 | 1.7% | 0.4454 |
| ex-user | 6 | 2.3% | 47 | 5.4% | |
| current-user | 247 | 95.8% | 810 | 92.9% | |
| Alcohol consumption | |||||
| never | 16 | 6.2% | 51 | 5.8% | 0.8734 |
| ex-user | 163 | 63.2% | 548 | 62.8% | |
| current-user | 79 | 30.6% | 273 | 31.4% | |
| Physical activity | |||||
| low (less than 100) | 216 | 83.7% | 664 | 76.1% | 0.1264 |
| medium (100–249) | 37 | 14.3% | 192 | 22.0% | |
| high (250 or greater) | 5 | 1.9% | 16 | 1.9% | |
| Sexual activity | |||||
| inactive | 109 | 42.2% | 268 | 30.7% | 0.0294 |
| active | 149 | 57.8% | 604 | 69.3% | |
| BPH components measurements | |||||
| PV (cm3) | 18.1 (15.3, 22.5) | 18.1 (15.4, 20.8) | 0.8683 | ||
| Qmax (mL/s) | 18.8 (14.9, 22.5) | 18.9 (16.8, 23.0) | 0.5733 | ||
| Serum PSA (ng/mL) | 1.42 ± 1.24 | 1.49 ± 1.12 | 0.4795 | ||
| IPSS score (besides the QoL) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | 0.9383 | ||
| QoL score | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0, 2.0) | 0.9663 | ||
| Metabolic components | |||||
| Central obesity (cm)2 | 92.5 (90.0, 94.0) | 89.0 (84.0, 94.0) | <0.0013 | ||
| positive | 204 | 79.1% | 423 | 48.5% | <0.0014 |
| negative | 54 | 20.9% | 449 | 51.5% | |
| Elevated SBP (mm Hg)2 | 126.0 (119.5, 140.0) | 128.0 (118.0, 136.0) | 0.7783 | ||
| positive | 100 | 38.8% | 367 | 42.1% | 0.4254 |
| negative | 158 | 61.2% | 505 | 57.9% | |
| Elevated DBP (mm Hg)2 | 82.0 (74.0, 84.0) | 81.0 (76.0, 87.0) | 0.5113 | ||
| positive | 54 | 20.9% | 307 | 35.2% | 0.0094 |
| negative | 204 | 79.1% | 565 | 64.8% | |
| Hypertension2 | |||||
| positive | 97 | 37.6% | 440 | 50.5% | 0.0164 |
| negative | 161 | 62.4% | 432 | 49.5% | |
| IFG (mg/dL)2 | 89.7 (85.8, 104.5) | 90.5 (85.1, 96.4) | 0.9343 | ||
| positive | 68 | 26.4% | 103 | 11.8% | 0.0104 |
| negative | 190 | 73.6% | 769 | 88.2% | |
| Hypertriglyceridemia (mg/dL)2 | 137.8 (87.8, 182.0) | 114.7 (81.2, 161.5) | 0.0143 | ||
| positive | 121 | 46.9% | 252 | 28.9% | <0.0014 |
| negative | 137 | 53.1% | 620 | 71.1% | |
| Low HDL-C (mg/dL)2 | 46.4 (37.2, 52.4) | 49.0 (43.2, 56.2) | <0.0013 | ||
| positive | 100 | 38.8% | 79 | 9.1% | <0.0014 |
| negative | 158 | 61.2% | 793 | 90.9% | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 111.2 ± 34.1 | 112.5 ± 28.5 | 0.5595 | ||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.1 ± 34.3 | 184.5 ± 32.7 | 0.1475 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 2.6 | 25.4 ± 2.6 | <0.0015 | ||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Diabetes | |||||
| positive | 71 | 27.5% | 120 | 13.8% | <0.0014 |
| negative | 187 | 72.5% | 752 | 86.2% | |
| CVD | |||||
| positive | 50 | 19.4% | 76 | 8.7% | <0.0014 |
| negative | 208 | 80.6% | 796 | 91.3% | |
| Subclinical ischemic stroke | |||||
| positive | 31 | 12.0% | 94 | 10.8% | 0.5784 |
| negative | 227 | 88.0% | 778 | 89.2% | |
| Autoimmune disease | |||||
| positive | 17 | 6.6% | 49 | 5.6% | 0.5604 |
| negative | 241 | 93.4 | 823 | 94.4% | |
Abbreviations: BPH = benign prostatic hyperplasia; SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure; IFG = impaired fasting glucose; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PV = prostate volume; Qmax = maximum urinary flow rate; IPSS = International Prostate Symptom Score; QoL = Quality of life; PSA = prostate-specific antigen; BMI = body mass index; CVD = congestive heart disease.
1Data are number and percentage, median (25th and 75th quartile), or mean ± S.D.
2Criteria for the positive individual components of the metabolic syndrome were defined by the statement from the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity (Alberti et al.)6.
3Mann-Whitney U test.
4Pearson chi-square test.
5student-t test. Bold indicates statistically significant.