Table 4. Age-adjusted and multivariable associations of the individual components of metabolic syndrome with the risk of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.
| Individual metabolic risk factors | Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value4 | Multivariate-adjusted HR (95% CI) | p-value4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| The overall clinical BPH1 | ||||
| Central obesity3 | 2.01 (1.23–2.79) | 0.026 | 1.93 (1.14–2.72) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension3 | 0.79 (0.56–1.02) | 0.387 | 0.75 (0.54–0.96) | 0.223 |
| IFG3 | 1.07 (0.76–1.38) | 0.523 | 1.05 (0.68–1.42) | 0.493 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia3 | 1.09 (0.80–1.38) | 0.735 | 1.04 (0.72–1.36) | 0.687 |
| Low HDL-C3 | 1.63 (1.14–2.12) | 0.039 | 1.56 (1.08–2.04) | 0.012 |
| Clinically significant BPH2 | ||||
| Central obesity3 | 2.29 (1.48–3.10) | 0.011 | 1.98 (1.20–2.76) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension3 | 0.87 (0.68–1.06) | 0.275 | 0.81 (0.63–0.99) | 0.182 |
| IFG3 | 1.15 (0.81–1.49) | 0.469 | 1.10 (0.83–1.37) | 0.402 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia3 | 1.14 (0.82–1.46) | 0.664 | 1.08 (0.74–1.42) | 0.546 |
| Low HDL-C3 | 1.71 (1.20–2.22) | 0.029 | 1.64 (1.05–2.23) | 0.003 |
1The overall clinical BPH was defined as to either a clinical diagnosis of BPH or histories of specific treatment for BPH.
2The clinically significant BPH was defined as having histories of specific treatment for BPH.
3Criteria for the positive individual components of the metabolic syndrome were defined by the statement from the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity (Alberti et al.)6.
4Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models included all the dichotomous components of metabolic syndrome in a mutually adjusted state for each and also adjusted for the other confounding factors: age, marital status, socio-economic status, smoking history, alcohol usage, physical activity, sexual activity, BMI, total cholesterol, LDL-C, comorbidities which included diabetes, CVD, subclinical ischemic stroke and autoimmune disease, and the baseline BPH components measurements which included PV, Qmax, IPSS and serum PSA levels. Bold indicates statistically significant.