Table 3. Variables included in the first series of GLMMs to test the relationships between Barbary macaques’ behavioural responses (dependent variables) and measures of tourist pressure (independent variables).
| Hypothesis | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | 1.1a | 1.2a | 1.3a | 2a | 3a | 4a | 5.1a | 5.2a | |
| Dependent variable | |||||||||
| Independent variables | Macaques being off the ground (Yes vs. No) | Macaques being under tree cover (Yes vs. No) | Distance from tourists on the ground (z-transformed) | A socially bonded partner present within 5 m distance (Yes vs. No) | Rates of aggressive behaviours (log-transformed) | Rates of short-term affiliative behaviours (log-transformed) | Rates of self-scratching | Restlessness (z-transformed) | |
| Tourist variables | Number of tourists in the area | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Number of tourists in the nearest tourist group | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| TMI (Yes vs. No) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Control variables | Sex | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
| Rank | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Seasons (Birth vs. Mating vs. other periods) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Daily temperature | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |
| Random factors | macaque ID+Nested factors: Scan/Date | Date+macaque ID | |||||||
✓ Included in the model. TMI = Tourist Macaque Interaction. The letter ‘a’ corresponds to the first series of model conducted.