Table 1.

Optimization of organoids for immunological research.

In vitro models	Research area	Finding	References
Co-culture with lymphocytes	Cancer immunotherapy	Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blocker relies on the microbiota in anticancer immunotherapy	Vetizou et al., 2015
Co-culture with interleukin 22 (IL-22) produced by ILCs	Innate immunity and epithelial homeostasis	ILCs induce ISC regeneration and intestinal regeneration though signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling	Lindemans et al., 2015
Gastroid microinjection	Gastroid microbiota	GI microbiota and its effects on epithelial homeostasis, regeneration, inflammation, and gastric carcinogenesis	Hynds and Giangreco, 2013; Foulke-Abel et al., 2014; Nigro et al., 2014; Pham et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2014; Bartfeld et al., 2015
Stem cell transplantation	Chronic inflammatory disease	Donor stem cells cure DSS colitis and remain functional for over half a year in an animal model	Yui et al., 2012; Fordham et al., 2013