Table 1:

Behavioral measures of welfare

Category	Behaviors	Description	Sampling	Frequency/duration
Inactive	Alert	Sitting/lying/standing stationary on any surface and looking at objects or individuals inside or outside of the cage	Scan	Frequency
	Not alert	Sitting/lying/standing stationary on any surface, eyes may be open or closed, not looking at objects or individuals inside or outside of the cage	Scan	Frequency
	Hunched	As for not alert, but sitting with head lower than the shoulders	Scan	Frequency
Foraging	Eating	Ingestion of items	Scan	Frequency
	Foraging	Searching for food or manipulation of food items or sources, without ingestion of food	Scan	Frequency
	Chewing	Chewing without any insertion of food into the mouth in the preceding 30 s	Scan	Frequency
Abnormal	Locomotor stereotypy	One or more completions of a repeated locomotor pattern, including any embedded behaviors	Scan	Frequency
	Other abnormal	Digit sucking, hair pulling, nail biting, rocking, head flicking, hand shake, any self-injurious behavior	Continuous	Duration
Nonsocial behaviors	Self-groom	Stroking, picking, or otherwise manipulating own body surface	Scan	Frequency
	Self-scratching	Scratching the skin vigorously with nails	Continuous	Duration
	Yawn	Open the mouth widely, teeth exposed, lips retracted without vocalisation	Continuous	Frequency
	Body shake	Dog-like body shake of whole body	Continuous	Frequency
	Eye rub	Rubbing the eye with a hand	Continuous	Duration
	Interact with physical environment–hands/feet	Swinging, pushing, manipulating any part of the cage or an enrichment with hands or feet without using mouth	Scan	Frequency
	Interact with physical environment–oral	Manipulating any part of the cage or an enrichment with mouth involved. Chewing/licking/biting any aspect of the cage or inanimate object in it	Scan	Frequency
Social behaviors	Allogroom–donor	Stroking, picking, or otherwise manipulating a cage mate's body surface	Scan	Frequency
	Allogroom–recipient	Being groomed by cage mate, following above descriptors	Scan	Frequency
	Aggression to cage mate	Open mouth stare, threat posture, chase, push, attack	Continuous	Duration
	Submissive to cage mate	Fear grimace, present, displacement of position in the cage	Continuous	Duration
	Dominance to cage mate	Displace the cage mate out of position	Continuous	Duration
	Affiliative	Lipsmack	Continuous	Duration
	Aggression directed outside cage	Open mouth threat, attack or threat postures directed outside of the cage (e.g., at the glass)	Continuous	Duration
	Play with cage mate	Nonaggressive high intensity interaction (chase, wrestle, tumble) with cage mate	Scan	Frequency
	Mounting	Mounting cage mate	Continuous	Duration
	Being mounted	Being mounted by cage mate	Continuous	Duration
Locomotion	Agitated locomotion	Moving between locations, often rapidly, with a stiff unrelaxed gait	Scan	Frequency
	Relaxed locomotion	Moving between locations with a relaxed gait	Scan	Frequency
Other	Other	Any behavior not listed above and noteworthy; describe form	Continuous	Duration