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. 2015 May 21;42(1):1651–1659. doi: 10.1111/ejn.12935

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© 2015 The Authors. European Journal of Neuroscience published by Federation of European Neuroscience Societies and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Study designs based on fMRI adaptation. (A) A sequence of visual stimuli in one trial in Experiment 1. A trial was initiated by the presentation of a cross for fixation (Fixation, 2–8 s), followed by the presentation of a background frame (Bkg; 2 s) and then a visual stimulus for 2 s (Dot). The participants had to judge whether the stimulus was an apple or a red dot and respond by pushing a button if it was an apple. Following a blank period (Off; 2 s), the next trial was initiated. (B) Examples of visual stimuli in seven successive trials [nth to (n + 6)th]. Note that the dot appeared at three locations (left, middle and right) and the frame appeared at two locations (left and right). Thus, there were six patterns of visual stimuli. (C) Hypothetical decreases in BOLD signal responses as a result of adaptation. Changes are shown separately for areas where the dot position is represented in terms of the background frame (Dot/Bkg; left column), the dot in the egocentric (eye‐ and head‐centered) coordinates (Dot/Ego; middle) and the background in terms of the egocentric coordinates (Bkg/Ego; right). For example, a dot was presented at the same location relative to the background frame in both (n + 1)th and (n + 2)th trials. The response in the (n + 2)th trial should be smaller in amplitude due to adaptation in areas where the dot was represented in terms of the background. Another decrease was expected in the (n + 4)th trial. Similarly, a smaller response was expected in a trial in which a dot (or a background frame) was presented in the same position as in the previous trial in terms of the designated coordinate. (D–F) Six‐by‐six binary repetition matrices that show a repetition (1, black) and a novelty (0, white) in the dot (or background) position from one trial to the next trial in terms of the designated coordinate: each row represents one of six visual stimuli in one trial, and each column represents one of six in the next trial. A dot was presented at the same location in terms of the background frame coordinate in 10 of the 36 combinations (black cells, D) and in terms of the egocentric coordinates in 12 of the 36 combinations (E). A background frame was presented at the same location in terms of the egocentric coordinates in 18 of the 36 combinations (F).